Developed in 1992, the flow-mediated dilation test is now the most commonly used noninvasive assessment of vascular endothelial function in humans Since its inception, scientists have refined their understanding of the physiology, analysis, and interpretation of this measurement Recently, a significant growth of knowledge has added to our understanding and implementation of this clinically relevant research methodology Therefore, this tutorial provides timely insight into recent advances and practical information related to the ultrasonic assessment of vascular endothelial function in humans

http://www.mia-llc.com/news/Hypertension-FMD-Review-Harris-1075.pdf

Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation

A novel focused active microwave system is investigated for detecting tumors in the breast. In contrast to X-ray and ultrasound modalities, the method reviewed here exploits the breast-tissue physical properties unique to the microwave spectrum, namely, the translucent nature of normal breast tissues and the high dielectric contrast between malignant tumors and surrounding lesion-free normal breast tissues. The system uses a pulsed confocal technique and time-gating to enhance the detection of tumors while suppressing the effects of tissue heterogeneity and absorption. Using published data for the dielectric properties of normal breast tissues and malignant tumors, the authors have conducted a two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computational electromagnetics analysis of the system. The FDTD simulations showed that tumors as small as 2 mm in diameter could be robustly detected in the presence of the background clutter generated by the heterogeneity of the surrounding normal tissue. Lateral spatial resolution of the tumor location was found to be about 0.5 cm.

/pdf/correction-to-two-dimensional-fdtd-analysis-of-a-pulsed-1wtpeyr9tq.pdf

Correction to "Two-Dimensional FDTD Analysis Of A Pulsed Microwave Confocal System For Breast Cancer Detection: Fixed-Focus And Antenna-Array Sensors"

The objective of this article is to provide scientists, engineers and clinicians with an up-to-date overview on the current state of development in the area of three-dimensional ultrasound (3-DUS) and to serve as a reference for individuals who wish to learn more about 3-DUS imaging. The sections will review the state of the art with respect to 3-DUS imaging, methods of data acquisition, analysis and display approaches. Clinical sections summarize patient research study results to date with discussion of applications by organ system. The basic algorithms and approaches to visualization of 3-D and 4-D ultrasound data are reviewed, including issues related to interactivity and user interfaces. The implications of recent developments for future ultrasound imaging/visualization systems are considered. Ultimately, an improved understanding of ultrasound data offered by 3-DUS may make it easier for primary care physicians to understand complex patient anatomy. Tertiary care physicians specializing in ultrasound can further enhance the quality of patient care by using high-speed networks to review volume ultrasound data at specialization centers. Access to volume data and expertise at specialization centers affords more sophisticated analysis and review, further augmenting patient diagnosis and treatment.

Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging

Two-dimensional FDTD analysis of a pulsed microwave confocal system for breast cancer detection: Fixed-focus and antenna-array sensors (vol 45, pg 1470, 1998)

http://www.uni.edu/dolgener/Advanced_Sport_Nutrition/Electronic%20Articles/Milk%20and%20Muscle%20Growth.pdf

Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage

Doppler ultrasound has now developed to the point where the rate of flow of blood in a given vessel can be measured with appropriate instrumentation. The theoretical basis of Doppler flow measurement is reviewed in this paper, with particular emphasis on the potential and actual sources of error. Three distinct approaches are identified, and the strengths and weaknesses of each discussed. The separate errors involved in estimating the vessel cross-sectional area, the angle of approach, and the Doppler shift are analyzed, together with the question of the uniformity of scattering from the blood. In vivo and in vitro tests of the accuracy obtained using a number of Doppler flow measuring instruments are then reviewed. It is concluded that the Doppler methods are capable of good absolute accuracy when suitably designed equipment is used in appropriate situations, with systematic errors of 6% of less. There are, however, considerable random errors, attributable primarily to errors in measuring the cross-sectional area and the angle of approach. Repeating the measurement of flow several times and averaging the results can reduce these random errors to an acceptable level.

Measurement of blood flow by ultrasound: accuracy and sources of error.

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Robert Gill

Papers

Measurement of blood flow by ultrasound: accuracy and sources of error.

Clinical applications of doppler ultrasound