Electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors, store energy using either ion adsorption (electrochemical double layer capacitors) or fast surface redox reactions (pseudo-capacitors). They can complement or replace batteries in electrical energy storage and harvesting applications, when high power delivery or uptake is needed. A notable improvement in performance has been achieved through recent advances in understanding charge storage mechanisms and the development of advanced nanostructured materials. The discovery that ion desolvation occurs in pores smaller than the solvated ions has led to higher capacitance for electrochemical double layer capacitors using carbon electrodes with subnanometre pores, and opened the door to designing high-energy density devices using a variety of electrolytes. Combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries. The use of carbon nanotubes has further advanced micro-electrochemical capacitors, enabling flexible and adaptable devices to be made. Mathematical modelling and simulation will be the key to success in designing tomorrow's high-energy and high-power devices.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02417326/document

Materials for electrochemical capacitors

Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/297/5582/787.full.pdf

Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications

New materials hold the key to fundamental advances in energy conversion and storage, both of which are vital in order to meet the challenge of global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Nanomaterials in particular offer unique properties or combinations of properties as electrodes and electrolytes in a range of energy devices. This review describes some recent developments in the discovery of nanoelectrolytes and nanoelectrodes for lithium batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. The advantages and disadvantages of the nanoscale in materials design for such devices are highlighted.

https://img62.chem17.com/1/20140715/635410323829886334962.pdf

Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices

This tutorial review provides a brief summary of recent research progress on carbon-based electrode materials for supercapacitors, as well as the importance of electrolytes in the development of supercapacitor technology. The basic principles of supercapacitors, the characteristics and performances of various nanostructured carbon-based electrode materials are discussed. Aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions used in supercapacitors are compared. The trend on future development of high-power and high-energy supercapacitors is analyzed.

Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes

[Liu, Chang; Li, Feng; Ma, Lai-Peng; Cheng, Hui-Ming] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China.;Cheng, HM (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, 72 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China;cheng@imr.ac.cn

Advanced Materials for Energy Storage

L'invention concerne un dispositif a emission de champ comprenant une anode et une cathode, la cathode contenant des nanotubes de carbone qui ont ete soumis a un traitement energetique, par plasma, chimique ou mecanique. L'invention concerne aussi une cathode a emission de champ contenant des nanotubes de carbone qui ont ete soumis a un tel traitement. Elle concerne encore un procede de traitement de nanotubes de carbone et de creation de cathode a emission de champ. Elle concerne enfin un dispositif d'affichage a emission de champ contenant des nanotubes de carbone soumis a un tel traitement.

Dispositifs a emission de champ utilisant des nanotubes de carbone modifies

Production of carbon fibrils

Cette invention a trait a des techniques d'oxydation de nanotubes de carbone a parois multiples. On oxyde ces derniers en les faisant entrer en contact avec des agents oxydants en phase gazeuse tels que du CO2, de l'O2, de la vapeur, du N2O, du NO, du NO2, de l'O3 et du ClO2. Il est egalement possible d'utiliser comme agents oxydants de l'eau quasi critique et supercritique. Il est possible d'utiliser les nanotubes de carbone a parois multiples oxydes selon les techniques de l'invention pour preparer des structures poreuses rigides susceptibles d'etre employees pour constituer des electrodes aux fins de la production de condensateurs electrochimiques ameliores.

Robert Hoch

Papers

Dispositifs a emission de champ utilisant des nanotubes de carbone modifies

Production of carbon fibrils

Techniques d'oxydation de nanotubes de carbone a parois multiples

Carbon nanotubes in lubricants

Feldemissionsvorrichtungen, bei denen modifizierte kohlenstoffnanoröhren verwendet werden