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Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis Modeling Change And Event Occurrence

Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change

Critical Thinking and Education

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) have contributed to test development and validation in counseling psychology, but additional applications have not been fully realized. The author presents an overview of the goals, terminology, and procedures of factor analysis; reviews best practices for extracting, retaining, and rotating factors in EFA; describes issues related to CFA, including potential hypotheses, how parameters are estimated, and current guidelines regarding sample size and the use of fit indices; and reviews more sophisticated applications of CFA, including multiple-groups analysis and testing of hierarchical models. Finally, the author recommends how to increase the application of factor analysis to counseling psychologists’ work in research, training, and practice settings.

Factor Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research, Training, and Practice Principles, Advances, and Applications

This paper proposes a historical excursus of studies that have investigated the therapeutic alliance and the relationship between this dimension and outcome in psychotherapy. A summary of how the concept of alliance has evolved over time and the more popular alliance measures used in literature to assess the level of alliance are presented. The proposal of a therapeutic alliance characterised by a variable pattern over the course of treatment is also examined. The emerging picture suggests that the quality of the client–therapist alliance is a reliable predictor of positive clinical outcome independent of the variety of psychotherapy approaches and outcome measures. In our opinion, with regard to the relationship between the therapeutic alliance and outcome of psychotherapy, future research should pay special attention to the comparison between patients’ and therapists’ assessments of the therapeutic alliance. This topic, along with a detailed examination of the relationship between the psychological disorder being treated and the therapeutic alliance, will be the subject of future research projects.

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Therapeutic alliance and outcome of psychotherapy: historical excursus, measurements, and prospects for research.

This study examined the definitional and statistical overlap among 4 key group therapeutic relationship constructs—group climate, cohesion, alliance, and empathy—across member–member, member–group, and member–leader relationships. Three multilevel structural equation models were tested using selfreport measures completed by 662 participants from 111 counseling center and personal growth groups. As hypothesized, almost all measures of therapeutic relationship were significantly correlated. Hypothesized 1-factor, 2-factor (Working and Bonding factors), and 3-factor (Member, Leader, and Group factors) models did not fit the data adequately. An exploratory model with Bonding, Working, and Negative factors provided the best fit to the data. Group members distinguished among relationships primarily according to relationship quality rather than the status or role of others (i.e., leader, member, or whole group).

Group Climate, Cohesion, Alliance, and Empathy in Group Psychotherapy: Multilevel Structural Equation Models.

Prior research in individual therapy has provided evidence that therapists are poor predictors of client outcome and often misjudge clients' perceptions of the therapeutic relationship. The focus of the current research was to conduct a similar predictive study in a group setting. Group therapists were recruited from a university counseling center and a state psychiatric hospital; 64 group members and 10 group leaders participated in the study. We tested therapist accuracy in predicting client outcome and perceived quality of therapeutic relationship. Results suggested that therapists underestimate the number of clients who deteriorate during therapy and were unable to accurately predict client perceptions of the group relationship, replicating findings from larger samples in the individual literature. Results suggest that using outcome and process measures as feedback tools may be also useful for clinicians leading groups.

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Clinical prediction in group psychotherapy

Measuring group processes: A comparison of the GCQ and CCI

The Group Questionnaire (GQ) is a recently developed self-report measure of the therapeutic relationship based on Johnson and colleagues (2005) three-factor model; Positive Bonding, Positive Working, and Negative Relationship. This study validated Johnson's model with a new and extended sample and created a shorter 40-item trial version. SEM analysis of the GQ tested whether it produced the same three-factor structure found in three earlier studies with 486 participants from three populations-outpatient university counseling center, non-patient AGPA process groups, and inpatient state hospital. Results of further SEM refinements demonstrated that a final 30-item version had good fit to the three-factor model although distinct differences in response pattern were found between the three populations. Implications for future utility and clinical relevance of the GQ are discussed.

Robert L. Gleave

Papers

Group Climate, Cohesion, Alliance, and Empathy in Group Psychotherapy: Multilevel Structural Equation Models.

Clinical prediction in group psychotherapy

Measuring group processes: A comparison of the GCQ and CCI

The Group Questionnaire: A clinical and empirically derived measure of group relationship

The Effects of a Feedback Intervention on Group Process and Outcome