This paper provides an updated review on fast pyrolysis of biomass for production of a liquid usually referred to as bio-oil. The technology of fast pyrolysis is described including the major reaction systems. The primary liquid product is characterised by reference to the many properties that impact on its use. These properties have caused increasingly extensive research to be undertaken to address properties that need modification and this area is reviewed in terms of physical, catalytic and chemical upgrading. Of particular note is the increasing diversity of methods and catalysts and particularly the complexity and sophistication of multi-functional catalyst systems. It is also important to see more companies involved in this technology area and increased take-up of evolving upgrading processes. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading

Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates—the US Department of Energy’s “Top 10” revisited

Renewable Resources Robert-Jan van Putten,†,‡ Jan C. van der Waal,† Ed de Jong,*,† Carolus B. Rasrendra,‡,⊥ Hero J. Heeres,*,‡ and Johannes G. de Vries* †Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, the Netherlands ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, the Netherlands Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Hydroxymethylfurfural, A Versatile Platform Chemical Made from Renewable Resources

Furfural offers a promising, rich platform for lignocellulosic biofuels. These include methylfuran and methyltetrahydrofuran, valerate esters, ethylfurfuryl and ethyltetrahydrofurfuryl ethers as well as various C(10)-C(15) coupling products. The various production routes are critically reviewed, and the needs for improvements are identified. Their relative industrial potential is analysed by defining an investment index and CO(2) emissions as well as determining the fuel properties for the resulting products. Finally, the most promising candidate, 2-methylfuran, was subjected to a road trial of 90,000 km in a gasoline blend. Importantly, the potential of the furfural platform relies heavily on the cost-competitive production of furfural from lignocellulosic feedstock. Conventional standalone and emerging coproduct processes-for example, as a coproduct of cellulosic ethanol, levulinic acid or hydroxymethyl furfural-are expensive and energetically demanding. Challenges and areas that need improvement are highlighted. In addition to providing a critical review of the literature, this paper also presents new results and analysis in this area.

Furfural—A Promising Platform for Lignocellulosic Biofuels

Biomass can be utilized to produce bio-oil, a promising alternative energy source for the limited crude oil. There are mainly two processes involved in the conversion of biomass to bio-oil: flash pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. The cost of bio-oil production from biomass is relatively high based on current technologies, and the main challenges are the low yield and poor bio-oil quality. Considerable research efforts have been made to improve the bio-oil production from biomass. Scientific and technical developments towards improving bio-oil yield and quality to date are reviewed, with an emphasis on bio-oil upgrading research. Furthermore, the article covers some major issues that associated with bio-oil from biomass, which includes bio-oil basics (e.g., characteristics, chemistry), application, environmental and economic assessment. It also points out barriers to achieving improvements in the future.

Bio-oil production and upgrading research: A review

Article history: Received 21 November 2014 Received in revised form 4 December 2014 Accepted 3 January 2015 Available online 28 January 2015

The potential of Gelam leaves as non-timber product of the trees for reforestation of the degraded peat land in Central Kalimantan--Indonesia

Background: Gelam (Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.) is one of the plants that grows naturally at some peat types (deep, medium depth, and shallow peatlands) in peat land area of Central Kalimantan - Indonesia. The plants is under heavy environtmental stress due to the cutting of the trees for uses as a timber which worsen the existing degraded peat land condition. Therefore it is important to explore non-timber products of the gelam trees. The leaves is one of the most potential sources of non-timber products of the trees. Essential oil constituents of leaf extract of Gelam (M. leucadendra), growing in various peat swamp regions in Central Kalimantan were investigated using GC/MS analysis. Forty eight secondary metabolite compounds from M. leucadendra oil, growing in shallow peatland were detected, also forty compounds from this species, growing in medium depth and deep peatland which three unidentified compounds. Oil of M. leucadendra is dominated by γ-terpinene, α-terpinolene, caryophyllene, and unidentified compound, that content more than 10% in its oil.

Composition of Leaf Oil of Gelam (M. leucadendra (L.)L.) Growing in Various Peat Swamp Regions of Central Kalimantan Indonesia

Cherry tomatoes, Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, are known as sources of antioxidants, which are beneficial to prevent several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, etc. Lycopene and β-carotene, natural red and orange pigment, are the major carotenoid antioxidants in tomato fruits. The synthesis of lycopene and β-carotene is a light-regulated reaction, which mediated by phytochrome and cryptochrome. The aims of this study were to determine the optimal spectrum of light to enhance lycopene, β-carotene, and sugar production, and to evaluate the efficiency of the antioxidants production. Red (663 nm), blue (470 nm), and white light treatment were given to tomato plants at the beginning of flowering stage for 3 hours after darkness. The result of this study showed that the white light treatment induced the best vegetative biomass growth (µ = 0.072 day-1), while red light treatment enhanced fruit biomass yield (1.15 fold), lycopene (35.8%), β-carotene (46.5%) and sugar content (27.5%). In contrast, the same effect was not observed in plants treated with blue and white light. The efficiency of red light treatment in this system was 2.65 MJ/g lycopene increment and 7.45 MJ/g β-carotene increment.

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Enhancement of lycopene and b- carotene production in cherry tomato fruits (solanum lycopersicum l. var. cerasiforme) by using red and blue light treatment

Biodiesel has been commercially produced on a large scale, but its application is still limited primarily due to its production cost, which is relatively more expensive than that of fossil fuel. Recently, there has been an ongoing parallel development whereby biodiesel production is carried out on a community scale, including a mobile production unit of biodiesel with local input and demand. The produced biodiesel is often intended for use by the concerned local community, which greatly reduces logistics and transportation cost. Unlike typical biodiesel production plants, a mobile biodiesel unit consists of a biodiesel production facility placed inside a standard cargo container and mounted on a truck, so that it can be transported to a region near the location of the raw materials. In this paper, we review existing concepts and units for the development of community-scale and mobile production of biodiesel. These include the main reactor technology for biodiesel production, as well as the pre-treatment prior to conveyance to the reaction unit and post-treatment. The pre-treatment includes oil extraction from oilseeds by an oil-expeller unit, as well as quality control of the oil before it enters the reaction unit. The post-treatment includes refining and purification of the biodiesel to meet the product specification set by the biodiesel industry. This paper also discusses the production cost of biodiesel on a community scale, particularly when using a mobile biodiesel unit. The production cost varies from $0.76-1.12/l. This range is still not yet competitive to the current average price of approximately $0.98/l of diesel around the world. The production cost may be reduced by applying a biorefinery concept that may translate into an economically alluring and environmentally attractive business model.

/pdf/a-review-on-community-scale-stationary-and-mobile-production-4wfmkfit4o.pdf

Robert Manurung

Papers

The potential of Gelam leaves as non-timber product of the trees for reforestation of the degraded peat land in Central Kalimantan--Indonesia

Composition of Leaf Oil of Gelam (M. leucadendra (L.)L.) Growing in Various Peat Swamp Regions of Central Kalimantan Indonesia

Enhancement of lycopene and b- carotene production in cherry tomato fruits (solanum lycopersicum l. var. cerasiforme) by using red and blue light treatment

A review on community scale stationary and mobile production of biodiesel

The determination of peatland critical criteria and classifications: A Case study of peatland in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan Province