Mango malformation is the most important and threatening disease of recent times, primarily because of persistent lacuna in complete understanding of its nature. Diverse Fusarium spp, including F. mangiferae, were found to be associated with the disease. Here, F. mangiferae from mango cv Dashehri was morphologically characterized. Typically, oval-shaped microconidia without septum and crescent-shaped macroconidia with 3-septate were more often observed, whereas not a single chlamydospore was detected. The length and width of micro- and macro-conidia were 7.5, 55, 3.2, and 3.5, respectively. The plant growth regulators such as NAA, GA3, BAP and ethrel were found to induce in vitro germination of conidia of F. mangiferae after 12 h. In contrast, antimalformin silver nitrate (AgNO3) inhibits conidial germination in vitro and none of conidia was germinated beyond 500 ppm, however antimalformin glutathione was highly effective in stimulating conidial germination of F. mangiferae in vitro at > 1000 ppm after 24 h. We observed that the response of F. mangiferae to germinate the conidia in vitro under influence of plant growth regulators and antimalformins is not coincided with earlier findings of reduced disease incidence by exogenous application of these compounds. The present findings do not authenticate the involvement of F. mangiferae in the disease, however hormonal imbalance, most probably ethylene, might be responsible for deformed functional morphology of panicle. Further, a signal transduction mechanism of stress-stimulated ethylene imbalance causing physio-morphological changes in reproductive organs of mango flower and thereby failure of fertilization and fruit set, which needs to be investigated.

In vitro: Response of plant growth regulators and antimalformins on conidia germination of Fusarium mangiferae and incidence of mango malformation

The proportion of older people continues to grow worldwide, especially in developing countries. Non-communicable diseases are fast becoming the leading causes of disability and mortality, and in coming decades health and social policy-makers will face tremendous challenges posed by the rapidly changing burden of chronic diseases in old age. Chronic disease and most oral diseases share common risk factors. Globally, poor oral health amongst older people has been particularly evident in high levels of tooth loss, dental caries experience, and the prevalence rates of periodontal disease, xerostomia and oral precancer/cancer. The negative impact of poor oral conditions on the quality of life of older adults is an important public health issue, which must be addressed by policy-makers. The means for strengthening oral health programme implementation are available; the major challenge is therefore to translate knowledge into action programmes for the oral health of older people. The World Health Organization recommends that countries adopt certain strategies for improving the oral health of the elderly. National health authorities should develop policies and measurable goals and targets for oral health. National public health programmes should incorporate oral health promotion and disease prevention based on the common risk factors approach. Control of oral disease and illness in older adults should be strengthened through organization of affordable oral health services, which meet their needs. The needs for care are highest among disadvantaged, vulnerable groups in both developed and developing countries. In developing countries the challenges to provision of primary oral health care are particularly high because of a shortage of dental manpower. In developed countries reorientation of oral health services towards prevention should consider oral care needs of older people. Education and continuous training must ensure that oral health care providers have skills in and a profound understanding of the biomedical and psychosocial aspects of care for older people. Research for better oral health should not just focus on the biomedical and clinical aspects of oral health care; public health research needs to be strengthened particularly in developing countries. Operational research and efforts to translate science into practice are to be encouraged. WHO supports national capacity building in the oral health of older people through intercountry and interregional exchange of experiences.

https://who.int/oral_health/publications/en/orh_cdoe05_vol33.pdf

Improving the oral health of older people: the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme

Objectives: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which provides a lower dose, lower cost alternative to conventional CT, is being used with increasing frequency in the practice of oral and maxillofacial radiology. This study provides comparative measurements of effective dose for three commercially available, large (12″) field-of-view (FOV), CBCT units: CB Mercuray, NewTom 3G and i-CAT. Methods: Thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDs) were placed at 24 sites throughout the layers of the head and neck of a tissue-equivalent human skull RANDO phantom. Depending on availability, the 12″ FOV and smaller FOV scanning modes were used with similar phantom positioning geometry for each CBCT unit. Radiation weighted doses to individual organs were summed using 1990 (E1990) and proposed 2005 (E2005 draft) ICRP tissue weighting factors to calculate two measures of whole-body effective dose. Dose as a multiple of a representative panoramic radiography dose was also calculated. Results: For repeated runs dosimetry was ge...

/pdf/dosimetry-of-3-cbct-devices-for-oral-and-maxillofacial-3pq1k8mr17.pdf

Dosimetry of 3 CBCT devices for oral and maxillofacial radiology: CB Mercuray, NewTom 3G and i-CAT

Objectives This study compares 2 measures of effective dose, E1990 and E2007, for 8 dentoalveolar and maxillofacial cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) units and a 64-slice multidetector CT (MDCT) unit. Study design Average tissue-absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose were calculated using thermoluminescent dosimeter chips in a radiation analog dosimetry phantom. Effective doses were derived using 1990 and the superseding 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendations. Results Large-field of view (FOV) CBCT E2007 ranged from 68 to 1,073 μSv. Medium-FOV CBCT E2007 ranged from 69 to 560 μSv, whereas a similar-FOV MDCT produced 860 μSv. The E2007 calculations were 23% to 224% greater than E1990. Conclusions The 2007 recommendations of the ICRP, which include salivary glands, extrathoracic region, and oral mucosa in the calculation of effective dose, result in an upward reassessment of fatal cancer risk from oral and maxillofacial radiographic examinations. Dental CBCT can be recommended as a dose-sparing technique in comparison with alternative medical CT scans for common oral and maxillofacial radiographic imaging tasks.

/pdf/comparative-dosimetry-of-dental-cbct-devices-and-64-slice-ct-omz4if0pfp.pdf

Comparative dosimetry of dental CBCT devices and 64-slice CT for oral and maxillofacial radiology

http://www.endoexperience.com/documents/DeVos2009.pdf

Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) imaging of the oral and maxillofacial region: a systematic review of the literature.

This text provides comprehensive coverage of dental diseases and developmental conditions of the jaws and teeth. Conditions are classified according to their radiologic appearance and there are descriptions as to the nature and behaviour of lesions, helping students in diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnostic Imaging of the Jaws

OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were as follows: to obtain baseline information on the incidence of oral mucosal conditions in a population of elderly Thai patients and to investigate differences in the presentation of these findings in relation to age, sex and the wearing of dentures



SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The incidence of oral mucosal conditions was determined by the clinical examination of a sample of 500 Thai patients aged 60 years and older



RESULTS: The overall incidence of oral mucosal conditions was 836% with no significant difference between men (814%) and women (85%) The incidence of oral mucosal conditions indicated a significant increase with advancing age Varices (596%), fissured tongue (28%) and traumatic ulcer (156%) were the three most common conditions; and the incidence increased with age Leukoplakia and smoker's melanosis were more common in men whereas lichen planus was seen more frequently in women Three cases of oral cancer were detected, representing an incidence of 06% Denture wearers (627%) exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of oral mucosal conditions than subjects who had no dentures (285%) and subjects with crowns and/or bridges (88%) The three most common denture-related problems were traumatic ulcer (226%), denture stomatitis (143%) and angular cheilitis (48%) In addition, the incidence of denture-related conditions among complete denture wearers (463%) was higher than in those wearing partial dentures (408%)



CONCLUSION: The current results regarding an elderly Thai population support the studies of other populations whereby the incidence of oral mucosal conditions in the elderly is related to age, sex and the wearing of dentures

Oral mucosal conditions in elderly dental patients

Objective Recently, 3-dimensional–computed tomography (3D-CT) imaging has been used in the diagnosis and surgical treatment planning of patients with craniofacial deformities. The present authors have developed a 3D-CT imaging procedure for a 3-dimensional coordinate point evaluation system to assess and diagnose patients with facial asymmetry. Study design The CT data of 16 subjects was selected retrospectively as the control group from patients who had undergone CT examinations to diagnose conditions other than maxillofacial deformities. Anatomical landmarks modified from orthodontic craniometric (cephalometric) points were defined on the 3D-CT images and the asymmetry index of each point was calculated in millimeters. A diagrammatic chart with a baseline indicating the mean asymmetry indices plus the standard deviation in the control group was designed. The resulting diagrammatic chart was used to evaluate the degree of deformity in facial asymmetry patients. Results and conclusions The topography of facial asymmetry was assessed. The 3D-CT imaging technique as described herein is a practical method of evaluating the morphology of facial asymmetry.

3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry.

Elongated and mineralized stylohyoid ligament complex: A proposed classification and report of a case of Eagle's syndrome

Objective An in vitro study was designed to investigate the influence of projection data discontinuity–related artifacts in limited-volume cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) imaging of the jaws. Study design Test objects were positioned in 4 patterns in a water-filled phantom as follows: bimandible and vertebrae, bimandible, left mandible and vertebrae, and left mandible. The CT imaging of the left molar region was performed using image intensifier (II)– and flat panel detector (FPD)–based CBCT scanners. The CT value of the mandible and the adjacent soft tissue region were analyzed for density by means of an 8-bit grayscale. Results The effects of artifacts were scored as the difference in relative density between the lingual and buccal soft tissue. The intensity of artifacts increased when more objects were presented outside the area being imaged. Fewer artifacts were noted in images produced by the particular FPD CBCT used in this investigation. Conclusion The CBCT system using an FPD resulted in fewer artifacts than the CBCT system using an II in this particular study.

Robert P. Langlais

Papers

Diagnostic Imaging of the Jaws

Oral mucosal conditions in elderly dental patients

3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry.

Elongated and mineralized stylohyoid ligament complex: A proposed classification and report of a case of Eagle's syndrome

Effects of image artifacts on gray-value density in limited-volume cone-beam computerized tomography.