Drawing upon philosophy and social theory, Social Theory of International Politics develops a theory of the international system as a social construction. Alexander Wendt clarifies the central claims of the constructivist approach, presenting a structural and idealist worldview which contrasts with the individualism and materialism which underpins much mainstream international relations theory. He builds a cultural theory of international politics, which takes whether states view each other as enemies, rivals or friends as a fundamental determinant. Wendt characterises these roles as 'cultures of anarchy', described as Hobbesian, Lockean and Kantian respectively. These cultures are shared ideas which help shape state interests and capabilities, and generate tendencies in the international system. The book describes four factors which can drive structural change from one culture to another - interdependence, common fate, homogenization, and self-restraint - and examines the effects of capitalism and democracy in the emergence of a Kantian culture in the West.

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Social Theory of International Politics

The debate between realists and liberals has reemerged as an axis of contention in international relations theory.’ Revolving in the past around competing theories of human nature, the debate is more concerned today with the extent to which state action is influenced by ‘structure’ (anarchy and the distribution of power) versus ‘process’ (interaction and learning) and institutions. Does the absence of centralized political authority force states to play competitive power politics? Can international regimes overcome this logic, and under what conditions? What in anarchy is given and immutable, and what is amenable to change?

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Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics

Aspect] is a simple and practical aspect-oriented extension to Java With just a few new constructs, AspectJ provides support for modular implementation of a range of crosscutting concerns. In AspectJ's dynamic join point model, join points are well-defined points in the execution of the program; pointcuts are collections of join points; advice are special method-like constructs that can be attached to pointcuts; and aspects are modular units of crosscutting implementation, comprising pointcuts, advice, and ordinary Java member declarations. AspectJ code is compiled into standard Java bytecode. Simple extensions to existing Java development environments make it possible to browse the crosscutting structure of aspects in the same kind of way as one browses the inheritance structure of classes. Several examples show that AspectJ is powerful, and that programs written using it are easy to understand.

An overview of AspectJ

Twenty years ago, in the pages of the Journal of Common Market Studies, Hedley Bull launched a searing critique of the European Community’s ‘civilian power’ in international affairs. Since that time the increasing role of the European Union (EU) in areas of security and defence policy has led to a seductiveness in adopting the notion of ‘military power Europe’. In contrast, I will attempt to argue that by thinking beyond traditional conceptions of the EU’s international role and examining the case study of its international pursuit of the abolition of the death penalty, we may best conceive of the EU as a ‘normative power Europe’.

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Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?

Acknowledgements 1. The World in English Introduction: from Hurt Waldheim to Johnny Clegg The natural, neutral and beneficial spread of English The social, cultural and political contexts of English The worldliness of English Conclusion 2. Discourse and Dependency in a Shifting World Introduction: rethinking internationalism Development, aid and modernization Dependency and imperialism Culture, discourse, difference and disjuncture Criket, English and cultural politics 3. English and Colonialism: Origins of a Discourse Introduction: the complexities of colonialism Anglicism and Orientalism: two sides of the colonial coin English for the few: colonial education policies in Malaya Anglicism and English studies Conclusion 4. Spreading the Word/Disciplining the Language Introduction: anti-nomadic disciplines The disciplining of linguistics The disciplining of applied linguistics The spreading and disciplining of discourse of EIL 5. ELT From Development Aid to Global Commodity From cultural propaganda to global business: The British Council 'The West is better...': discourses of ELT English Language Teaching practices as cultural practices Conclusion: the compass of discourse 6. The Worldliness of English in Malaysia Contexts Cultural politics after independence Malay nationalism and English English, class and ethnicity English adn Islam English and the media The debates continue 7. The Worldliness of English in Singapore English as a useful language The making of Singapore Singapore English Pragmatism, multiracialism and meritocratism Pragmatic, multiracial and meritocratic English Conclusion 8. Writing Back: The Appropriation of English Postcolonial English Re-presenting postcolonial worlds Worldy texts in a worldly language Decentered voices: writing in Malaysia Centered voices: writing in Singapore From aestheticism to yuppyism: the new writing in Singapore From writing back to teaching back 9. Towards a Critical Pedagogy for Teaching English as a Worldly Language Critical pedagogies Discourse, language and subjectivity Insurgent knowledges, the classroom and the world References Index

http://www.tnewfields.info/Articles/PDF/reviewPennycook.pdf

The cultural politics of English as an international language

The end of history, through the intervention of some supernatural force, has been prophesied many times. Having repeatedly seen its non-fulfilment, we seem to have decided to take it upon ourselves to plan self-annihilation. To this end, we are turning the scientific and technological resources, long hailed as both a symbol and an engine of a progressive civilization, into a sinister threat to the very existence of life, as a particularly perverse form of the dialectic of enlightenment. Yet, while the intensification of militarism undeniably constitutes an extremely serious threat, it provides at the same time an opportunity for creative intervention towards conceiving and creating alternative political, economic and social structures that will ensure justice and peace and security for all. World order studies, peace researches and a variety of grassroots protest movements are showing varying degrees of awareness of this opportunity. They are all challenging the formulation of the establishment elites that touts the inevitability of an eventual clash between the superpowers the first two, deliberately, in the realm of policy-oriented theory and the last, sometimes consciously and sometimes not, in the arena of action. The recently emerging conflation of peace research and popular peace movement in their resistance to the prevailing paradigm of militarism is a significant development in this context. The structures of contemporary militarism have been subjected to penetrating analysis and research,' and they provide justification for resistance to militarism. Resistance to contemporary militarism, however, faces many of the same problems that have confronted a wide range of radical social movements

Contemporary Militarism and the Discourse of Dissent

Il est souvent fait recours aux termes international, imperial et exceptionnel pour analyser la vie politique contemporaine. Cet article explore ce qui se joue en chacun de ces trois concepts et examine les relations qu’ils entretiennent ; il insiste sur la saillance perdue des concepts d’international et d’imperial et la force croissante des concepts de l’exceptionnel ; il esquisse une triple critique de la conception particuliere de la souverainete par Karl Schmitt, entendue comme la capacite a decider des exceptions ; il prend en consideration les implications de cette critique sur le statut de penseur critique attribue a Kant ; il essaye enfin d’ouvrir sur la question de savoir ce que signifie le fait d’invoquer l’exceptionnel depuis les attaques sur New York et l’invasion de l’Irak.

https://journals.openedition.org/conflits/pdf/1794

L’international, l’impérial, l’exceptionnel

States and spaces Although the state has long been the central category of almost all theories of international relations, specifications of the character and practices of states remain especially enigmatic in this context. The worst caricatures of the state are readily familiar here: the billiard ball or black box operating within determinist mechanical systems; the proliferating categories of early decision-making theory; the identification of politics only with the more or less formal institutions of government or the uncritical conflation of the categories of state and nation. At the other extreme, there are finely detailed analyses of the foreign policy-making processes of individual states in which the state is dissolved in the particularity and specificity of institutions, personalities and events. Even apart from these extremes, it would be difficult to argue that theories of international relations possess anything like an adequate account of the nature of the state or the diversity of state formations, or even that they show much concern for questions about the relative autonomy of states from civil society or economic determinations. After all, these are things that are supposed to come from those who are concerned with life within states rather than with relations between them. This division of labour between political theory and theories of international relations has had important consequences for theories of the state, not least through the reduction of complex historical structures to little more than a point of transition between internal and external activities: between defence and foreign policy conceived as the limits of domestic politics within and the mere relations in which states are engaged without.

The Territorial State and the Theme of Gulliver

1. Introduction 2. Reflections on 11 September 3. Invisible Cities 4. The Politics of Terrorism and "Civilization": How to respond as a human being 5. Identifying Limits on a Borderless Map in the First Post-Modern War 6. War, Terror, Judgement 7. Afghanistan and the Global Environment: Turning local language into global grammar 8. The United States Against the World: Oil, hegemony and the militarization of globalization 9. The Response of the British Government to the Attack on America 10. The European Union and 11 September 11. Terrorism and "New Wars" 12. On Pharmacological War 13. Immigration, Asylum, Borders and Terrorism: The unexpected victims 14. Barbarians

11 September 2001 : War, Terror and Judgement

The aspect-oriented programming approach claims to make it easier to reason about, develop, and maintain certain kinds of application code while maintaining highly efficient code. To better understand the usefulness and usability of the aspect-oriented approach, we have been conducting a series of experiments. These experiments are designed to investigate such characteristics of aspect-oriented development as the creation and ease of debugging programs built in this style. This paper provides an overview of the experiments we have conducted to date.

/pdf/assessing-aspect-oriented-programming-preliminary-results-4553k1ficy.pdf

Robert Walker

Papers

Contemporary Militarism and the Discourse of Dissent

L’international, l’impérial, l’exceptionnel

The Territorial State and the Theme of Gulliver

11 September 2001 : War, Terror and Judgement

Assessing Aspect-Oriented Programming: Preliminary Results