Drawing upon philosophy and social theory, Social Theory of International Politics develops a theory of the international system as a social construction. Alexander Wendt clarifies the central claims of the constructivist approach, presenting a structural and idealist worldview which contrasts with the individualism and materialism which underpins much mainstream international relations theory. He builds a cultural theory of international politics, which takes whether states view each other as enemies, rivals or friends as a fundamental determinant. Wendt characterises these roles as 'cultures of anarchy', described as Hobbesian, Lockean and Kantian respectively. These cultures are shared ideas which help shape state interests and capabilities, and generate tendencies in the international system. The book describes four factors which can drive structural change from one culture to another - interdependence, common fate, homogenization, and self-restraint - and examines the effects of capitalism and democracy in the emergence of a Kantian culture in the West.

/pdf/social-theory-of-international-politics-3eegdnnwai.pdf

Social Theory of International Politics

The debate between realists and liberals has reemerged as an axis of contention in international relations theory.’ Revolving in the past around competing theories of human nature, the debate is more concerned today with the extent to which state action is influenced by ‘structure’ (anarchy and the distribution of power) versus ‘process’ (interaction and learning) and institutions. Does the absence of centralized political authority force states to play competitive power politics? Can international regimes overcome this logic, and under what conditions? What in anarchy is given and immutable, and what is amenable to change?

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Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics

Aspect] is a simple and practical aspect-oriented extension to Java With just a few new constructs, AspectJ provides support for modular implementation of a range of crosscutting concerns. In AspectJ's dynamic join point model, join points are well-defined points in the execution of the program; pointcuts are collections of join points; advice are special method-like constructs that can be attached to pointcuts; and aspects are modular units of crosscutting implementation, comprising pointcuts, advice, and ordinary Java member declarations. AspectJ code is compiled into standard Java bytecode. Simple extensions to existing Java development environments make it possible to browse the crosscutting structure of aspects in the same kind of way as one browses the inheritance structure of classes. Several examples show that AspectJ is powerful, and that programs written using it are easy to understand.

An overview of AspectJ

Twenty years ago, in the pages of the Journal of Common Market Studies, Hedley Bull launched a searing critique of the European Community’s ‘civilian power’ in international affairs. Since that time the increasing role of the European Union (EU) in areas of security and defence policy has led to a seductiveness in adopting the notion of ‘military power Europe’. In contrast, I will attempt to argue that by thinking beyond traditional conceptions of the EU’s international role and examining the case study of its international pursuit of the abolition of the death penalty, we may best conceive of the EU as a ‘normative power Europe’.

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Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?

Acknowledgements 1. The World in English Introduction: from Hurt Waldheim to Johnny Clegg The natural, neutral and beneficial spread of English The social, cultural and political contexts of English The worldliness of English Conclusion 2. Discourse and Dependency in a Shifting World Introduction: rethinking internationalism Development, aid and modernization Dependency and imperialism Culture, discourse, difference and disjuncture Criket, English and cultural politics 3. English and Colonialism: Origins of a Discourse Introduction: the complexities of colonialism Anglicism and Orientalism: two sides of the colonial coin English for the few: colonial education policies in Malaya Anglicism and English studies Conclusion 4. Spreading the Word/Disciplining the Language Introduction: anti-nomadic disciplines The disciplining of linguistics The disciplining of applied linguistics The spreading and disciplining of discourse of EIL 5. ELT From Development Aid to Global Commodity From cultural propaganda to global business: The British Council 'The West is better...': discourses of ELT English Language Teaching practices as cultural practices Conclusion: the compass of discourse 6. The Worldliness of English in Malaysia Contexts Cultural politics after independence Malay nationalism and English English, class and ethnicity English adn Islam English and the media The debates continue 7. The Worldliness of English in Singapore English as a useful language The making of Singapore Singapore English Pragmatism, multiracialism and meritocratism Pragmatic, multiracial and meritocratic English Conclusion 8. Writing Back: The Appropriation of English Postcolonial English Re-presenting postcolonial worlds Worldy texts in a worldly language Decentered voices: writing in Malaysia Centered voices: writing in Singapore From aestheticism to yuppyism: the new writing in Singapore From writing back to teaching back 9. Towards a Critical Pedagogy for Teaching English as a Worldly Language Critical pedagogies Discourse, language and subjectivity Insurgent knowledges, the classroom and the world References Index

http://www.tnewfields.info/Articles/PDF/reviewPennycook.pdf

The cultural politics of English as an international language

The CHALLENGE Project: Final Synthesis Report and Bibliography

Software systems should consist of simple, conceptually clean components interacting along narrow, well-defined paths. All too often, this is not reality: complex components end up interacting for reasons unrelated to the functionality they provide. We refer to knowledge withina component that is not conceptually required for the individual behaviour of that component as extraneous embedded knowledge (EEK). EEK creeps in to a system in many forms, including dependences upon particular names and the passing of extraneous parameters. This paper proposes implicit context as a means for reducing EEK in systems. Implicit context combines a mechanism to reflect upon what has happened in a system through queries on the call history with a mechanism for altering calls to and from a component. We demonstrate the benefits of implicit context by describing its use to reduce EEK in the Java Swing library.

/pdf/using-implicit-context-to-ease-software-evolution-and-reuse-4ho601lr4n.pdf

Using Implicit Context to Ease Software Evolution and Reuse

s we enter the last decade of the twentieth century, political events A have been moving with extraordinary rapidity. Transformations in Europe, both East and West, have been the most dramatic expression of contemporary fluidities, but they in turn cannot be understood apart from more fundamental alterations in the structutes of global geopolitics and the accelerations of an increasingly integrated world economy. Some have been tempted to interpret these events in familiar categories. They have applauded the longdelayed \"end of ideology\" or the apparent victory of capitalism and modernity over socialism and tradition. More sanguine observers, however, have suggested that recent events merely reinforce suspicions that familiar categories do not always offer the best interpretation of what is going on. Since its founding in 1974, Alternatives has sought to challenge many of the assumptions that, under conditions of Cold War and pax amerkana, have long seemed so persuasive, but that have now come under increasingly sustained criticism. At a time when attention to the demands of state power was thought to constitute the essence of \"realism,\" Alternatives has been more interested in evidence of shifts toward more global structures and loyalties. At the same time, it has refused the temptation of uncritically accepting these shifts at the expense of more local identities and sensibilities. At a time when sequential stages of economic growth were thought to constitute the essence of \"development,\" Alternatives has been more interested in claims that social and economic life might be more appropriately organized in relation to human needs and ecological sustainability. At a time when ideas about legitimate knowledge were dominated by positivistic accounts of science and the separation of facts from values, Alternatives has underlined the importance of normative theory and even utopian speculation. And at a time when the analysis of world affairs was conducted

Alternatives for the 1990s

Nous nous proposons de soumettre a une evaluation critique les libertes des citoyens et des autres habitants de l’UE, et la facon dont elles sont affectees par la multiplication des discours sur l’insecurite, ainsi que les pratiques rassurantes, protectrices et coercitives des gouvernements et des organismes transnationaux adoptees au nom de la securite des citoyens ou de la collectivite. La presente etude decrit l’echange d’informations sur l’identite des citoyens au moyen de nouvelles techniques de surveillance et de controle, ainsi que son role central. Elle analyse tout d’abord la radicalisation manifeste de formes specifiques de violence politique transnationale et les effets qui en resultent sur les politiques liberales ; puis les evaluations de la menace effectuees au moyen des technologies de gestion du risque et des nouvelles technologies de surveillance ; l’evolution des formes prises par la logique de suspicion et les pratiques derogatoires et d’exception, en particulier par rapport aux conceptions bien etablies de l’etat de droit, a la reconstruction multidimensionnelle et permanente de l’ennemi?; ensuite leurs effets sur les droits et libertes des nationaux et des etrangers ; enfin le rapport existant entre l’impact interne et l’impact externe des pratiques illiberales, dans le contexte des relations trans-atlantiques en particulier, mais aussi dans celui d’un ordre mondial de plus en plus interconnecte, et la place qu’y occupe l’Union europeenne.

L'évolution du paysage européen en matière de liberté et de sécurité : rapport à mi-parcours sur le projet challenge

http://www.kireports.org/article/S2468024922018174/pdf

Robert Walker

Papers

The CHALLENGE Project: Final Synthesis Report and Bibliography

Using Implicit Context to Ease Software Evolution and Reuse

Alternatives for the 1990s

L'évolution du paysage européen en matière de liberté et de sécurité : rapport à mi-parcours sur le projet challenge

Kidney-Function Trajectories From Young Adulthood to Midlife: Identifying Risk Strata and Opportunities for Intervention