2.3. Evaluation of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 6507 2.3.1. Photocatalytic Activity 6507 2.3.2. Photocatalytic Stability 6507 3. UV-Active Photocatalysts for Water Splitting 6507 3.1. d0 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6507 3.1.1. Ti-, Zr-Based Oxides 6507 3.1.2. Nb-, Ta-Based Oxides 6514 3.1.3. W-, Mo-Based Oxides 6517 3.1.4. Other d0 Metal Oxides 6518 3.2. d10 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6518 3.3. f0 Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 6518 3.4. Nonoxide Photocatalysts 6518 4. Approaches to Modifying the Electronic Band Structure for Visible-Light Harvesting 6519

Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

https://cmapspublic3.ihmc.us/rid=1N3976C22-12M3P49-9V/Holladay%20et%20al.%20-%202009%20-%20An%20overview%20of%20hydrogen%20production%20technologies.pdf

An overview of hydrogen production technologies

基礎講座 電気泳動(Electrophoresis)

There is a growing interest in the conversion of water and solar energy into clean and renewable H2 fuels using earth-abundant materials due to the depletion of fossil fuel and its serious environmental impact. This critical review highlights some key factors influencing the efficiency of heterogeneous semiconductors for solar water splitting (i.e. improved charge separation and transfer, promoted optical absorption, optimized band gap position, lowered cost and toxicity, and enhanced stability and water splitting kinetics). Moreover, different engineering strategies, such as band structure engineering, micro/nano engineering, bionic engineering, co-catalyst engineering, surface/interface engineering of heterogeneous semiconductors are summarized and discussed thoroughly. The synergistic effects of the different engineering strategies, especially for the combination of co-catalyst loading and other strategies seem to be more promising for the development of highly efficient photocatalysts. A thorough understanding of electron and hole transfer thermodynamics and kinetics at the fundamental level is also important for elucidating the key efficiency-limiting step and designing highly efficient solar-to-fuel conversion systems. In this review, we provide not only a summary of the recent progress in the different engineering strategies of heterogeneous semiconductors for solar water splitting, but also some potential opportunities for designing and optimizing solar cells, photocatalysts for the reduction of CO2 and pollutant degradation, and electrocatalysts for water splitting.

Engineering heterogeneous semiconductors for solar water splitting

Lignocellulosic biomass is a plentiful and renewable resource for fuels and chemicals. Despite this potential, nearly all renewable fuels and chemicals are now produced from edible resources, such as starch, sugars, and oils; the challenges imposed by notoriously recalcitrant and heterogeneous lignocellulosic feedstocks have made their production from nonfood biomass inefficient and uneconomical. Here, we report that N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) containing lithium chloride (LiCl) is a privileged solvent that enables the synthesis of the renewable platform chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in a single step and unprecedented yield from untreated lignocellulosic biomass, as well as from purified cellulose, glucose, and fructose. The conversion of cellulose into HMF is unabated by the presence of other biomass components, such as lignin and protein. Mechanistic analyses reveal that loosely ion-paired halide ions in DMA−LiCl are critical for the remarkable rapidity (1−5 h) and yield (up to 92%) of this low...

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja808537j

Simple Chemical Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Furans for Fuels and Chemicals

Hydrogen production reactions from carbon feedstocks: fossil fuels and biomass.

The internal plasticization of PVC by displacement of chlorine with phthalate-based thiol additives, that is, the covalent attachment of the plasticizer to the PVC chain, is described for the first time. Using this methodology, a good plasticization efficiency is achieved although flexibility is reduced compared with that of commercial PVC−phthalate systems. However, the migration is completely suppressed. This approach may open new ways to the preparation of flexible PVC with permanent plasticizer effect and zero migration.

Phthalate Plasticizers Covalently Bound to PVC: Plasticization with Suppressed Migration

Hydrogen Production Reactions from Carbon Feedstocks: Fossil Fuels and Biomass

A synthetic approach for the preparation and linkage of functionalized plasticizer molecules to PVC is described. The synthesis of this four-step procedure is economically and ecologically viable because it is based on trichlorotriazine as inexpensive starting material; the reactions can be carried out one-pot with quantitative yields and without need of final purification of the products. The approach is furthermore highly versatile and allows for the preparation of a large number of different plasticizers with properties that may be adjusted to a broad range of applications from highly flexible to semirigid.

Highly Flexible PVC Materials without Plasticizer Migration As Obtained by Efficient One-Pot Procedure Using Trichlorotriazine Chemistry

Circular economy in membrane technology: using end-of-life reverse osmosis modules for preparation of recycled anion exchange membranes and validation in electrodialysis

Rodrigo Navarro

Papers

Hydrogen production reactions from carbon feedstocks: fossil fuels and biomass.

Phthalate Plasticizers Covalently Bound to PVC: Plasticization with Suppressed Migration

Hydrogen Production Reactions from Carbon Feedstocks: Fossil Fuels and Biomass

Highly Flexible PVC Materials without Plasticizer Migration As Obtained by Efficient One-Pot Procedure Using Trichlorotriazine Chemistry

Circular economy in membrane technology: using end-of-life reverse osmosis modules for preparation of recycled anion exchange membranes and validation in electrodialysis