The taxonomy of the genus Colletotrichum has undergone tremendous changes over the last decade, with over 200 species being currently recognised and species complexes being informally used to cluster those species. Many of these species are important plant pathogens, some rather polyphagous and others host-specific, but several occur seldomly and some may in fact be ecologically endangered. Based mainly on literature from the past decade, in this work we review the occurrence, geographic distribution and host spectrum of currently recognised Colletotrichum species under phylogenetic, pathological/agronomic and ecological perspectives, providing a list arranged by Colletotrichum species and species complexes. A total of 257 species are listed and grouped into 15 species complexes. In this work we have recorded 1353 unique host species-Colletotrichum species association records from 720 hosts, with the Fabaceae as the family with higher number of hosts (52 host species) but with the Rosaceae as the family with the highest number of host species-Colletotrichum species association records (118 association records). According to occurrence data, 88 species are common in nature, 128 were considered as data deficient and 41 are threatened, some of which are likely extinct from nature and preserved only in culture collections. Several species are relevant plant pathogens, in some cases geographically confined and thus of potential quarantine relevance. Based on the major changes that occurred on Colletotrichum taxonomy over the last decade, this work provides a comprehensive overview of occurrence data of Colletotrichum species, compiling host range and geographical distribution, with relevance for plant pathology and conservation mycology. The current taxonomic framework in Colletotrichum is revealing numerous species but poses challenges to the employment of standard criteria for the evaluation of biological conservation of these fungi. We advocate that conservation mycology and taxonomy should find common routes simultaneously enabling the correct delimitation of species of Colletotrichum and the implementation of feasible criteria for the evaluation of conservation. The employment of new technologies, such whole genome sequencing (WGS), will help and support the description of new species and to gain a better understanding of the genetic bases of speciation processes.

Colletotrichum species and complexes: geographic distribution, host range and conservation status

Objective: To give an overview of the current situation of Mexican genuine cheeses (MGCs), their characteristics and their production processing conditions (milk origin, coagulation agent, type of ripening and maturation) Methodology: Information on about twenty MGCs available in scientific articles, databases, and Internet pages was collected, analyzed, and classified Results: The main classification of MGCs is made with respect to their moisture content (soft or fresh, semi-soft or semi-hard, and hard) Most MGCs are not matured, thus limiting their shelf life and large-scale commercialization Matured MGCs use their own microbiota, developing characteristic textures and flavors Limitations: There is little research on the MGC manufacturing processes and their impact on the physical and sensory properties of the final product Furthermore, no MGC has a designation of origin, which is a disadvantage on the global market Conclusions: Most MGCs are produced manually and only few of them are produced on a (semi)industrial scale Standardizing their production would allow their producers to make improvements and innovations on MGCs and increase their shelf life

Genuine Mexican cheeses: technological processes and manufacturing parameters

Two new agricultural pest species of Conotrachelus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) in South America [Conotrachelus eugeniae, Conotrachelus dubiae; Contrachelus deletani, synonyme de Conotrachelus umbrinus]

El amaranto es un cultivo de gran importancia para la asociacion de productores agricolas de los alrededores del Popocatepetl, Puebla; por su alto contenido de nutrientes y por la elaboracion de diferentes productos que enriquecen su alimentacion; pero las perdidas por danos que ocasionan los insectos plaga, hacen que los rendimientos no sean satisfactorios para los agricultores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar taxonomicamente a los insectos asociados al cultivo de amaranto y describir el rol de cada una de las especies en el agrosistema. Para la captura de insectos, durante el ciclo agricola 2008 se realizaron muestreos en tres parcelas donde se efectuaron colectas con aspirador, red y de forma manual, revisando tallos, nudos, entre nudos, hojas (haz y enves), panoja y raiz. Los organismos colectados en etapa larval fueron conservados en alcohol al 70%, mientras que los adultos fueron montados en alfileres entomologicos; todo el material fue identificado y depositado en la coleccion entomologica del Instituto de Ciencias de la Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla (BUAP). Se obtuvo un total de 1 883 morfoespecies de las cuales se identificaron 20 generos y 18 especies que fueron las mas abundantes durante el ciclo agricola; ocho especies fueron las causantes de los danos que presenta el cultivo: Sphenarium purpurascens, Epicauta cinerea, Spodoptera exigua, Pholisora catullus, Ligys lineolaris, Herpetogramma bipunctalis, Amauromyza abnormalis y Phyllophaga ilhuicaminai.

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ESTUDIO ENTOMOFAUNÍSTICO DEL CULTIVO DE AMARANTO (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) EN PUEBLA, MÉXICO

Objective: To analyze the contemporary scientific contributions of the Postgraduate Course in Tropical Agroecosystems (PTA), both in Master’s and PhD Degree, of Colegio de Postgraduados, Veracruz Campus, before the current challenges facing the Mexican agriculture. Design/Methodology/Scope: A search was made in SCOPUS and Web of Science for publications between 2014 and 2019 (N  92) by PTA researcher scholars. A text analysis was performed by using the Nvivo software in order to identify scientific contributions based on the problem categories suggested by FAO for Mexico. Results: Scientific contributions are more prolific in relation to the increase of agricultural productivity (66%), have lesser presence in sustainable practices (14.9%) and the articulation of public policies (10.6%) and begin to appear in the adaptation and mitigation of climatic risks (8.5%). Limitations/Implications: The findings excluded publications that do not appear in SCOPUS or Web of Science or outside the analyzed period. Findings/Conclusions: The PTA shows social relevance when generating knowledge, with scientific contributions to the current challenges of Mexican agriculture. Nevertheless, they have been oriented mainly to increasing agricultural productivity without attaining the risks of PTA toward transdisciplinary research processes. This suggests a new role of research that addresses disciplinary interfaces.

The Postgraduate Course in Tropical Agroecosystems: Facing the Challenges for Mexican Agriculture in the 21st Century

Ten species of Agromyzidae of agronomic interest in Texcoco, (state of Mexico); Altamira, (state of Tamaulipas), Magdalena Contreras, (Mexico City), and Nativitas, (state of Tlaxcala) are presented. A description of the adults, their geographic distributions and their host plants, are provided. In addition a key with photographs of the aedeagus and sperm pumps of all species are provided. The species

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Identificación, distribución y plantas hospederas de diez especies de Agromyzidae (Insecta: Diptera), de interés agronómico en México

The objective of this study was to document new host plants and the geographical distributions of Melanagromyza floris Spencer, M. tomaterae Steyskal, M. viridis (Frost) and Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggatt). The study was carried out from August 2007 to August 2008. Puparia of these flies were collected on Tithonia sp. in Tonatico (state of Mexico); Physalis nicandroides Schltd in Atotonilco el Grande (state of Hidalgo); Tagetes erecta L. and Lantana camara L. in Huautla (state of Hidalgo) and Lantana camara L. in San Joaquin, state of Queretaro. Both flies and host plants were identified. T. erecta is a new host record for M. floris whereas P. nicandroides is a new host record for M. tomaterae. The flies M. floris and M. tomaterae are the first reports for these species in the state of Hidalgo. M. viridis is recorded from the southern part of the state of Mexico. Finally, O. lantanae is registered in two states: Hidalgo and Queretaro.

https://azm.ojs.inecol.mx/index.php/azm/article/download/680/963

Nuevos registros y extensiones de distribución de mamíferos para Guanajuato, México

The aim of the study was to assess tiller population dynamics of aerial and basal tillers in eight cultivars of Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach.), syn. Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone, in a warm humid climate in Veracruz, Mexico. This is a pioneer study on tiller population dynamics in elephant grass under conditions of undisturbed growth. The tiller population assays included data from 14 days after cutting until 154 and 182 days after cutting for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. On each sampling date, a distinctive ring was placed on every new tiller, and rings were removed from dead tillers. Tiller density, mortality and appearance were determined. In wet seasons, copious tillering occurred on initial regrowth (by day 42, mostly aerial tillers, with a ratio of 2:1 to 4:1 for aerial to basal tiller appearance), and on day 98 (a higher proportion of basal tillers, with an aerial to basal tiller ratio of 1.5:1). Aerial tillers showed a higher overall mortality rate than basal tillers (29.0 vs 14.4). Younger basal tillers showed higher mortality than older tillers. Higher tiller density occurred during the dry season, where it increased gradually until day 70 and then declined. The cultivars ‘Cameroon’, ‘CT115’ and ‘OM22’ showed remarkably high tillering ability. The findings indicate that harvesting a forage bank is possible from day 70 during a dry season.Keywords: density dynamics, king grass, tiller appearance rate, tiller mortality rate, tropical grasses

Tiller population dynamics in eight cultivars of elephant grass during undisturbed growth

Colletotrichum brevisporum and C. musicola Causing Leaf Anthracnose of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Mexico

. During recent cropping seasons, leaf miners (family Agromyzidae), which usually are abundant and defoliate plants, have become major pests of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. The aim of this study was to identify the species of leaf miner in tomato crops and the parasitoids that naturally regulate them in northern Sinaloa. Tomato crops were sampled every 2 weeks from October 2013 to February 2014. Leaf blades with evidence of leaf miner were collected and confined in disposable plastic cups until adult leaf miners or parasitoids emerged. The species of leaf miner was Liriomyza sativae Blanchard. Associated parasitoid species were Neochrysocharis sp., Closterocerus sp. Ashmead, Opius sp. Muesebeck, and a species not yet identified in the family Figitidae. Parasitism of leaf miners per sample date ranged from 10 to 80%, and total parasitism per sample area was 21 to 28%.

https://bioone.org/journals/southwestern-entomologist/volume-40/issue-3/059.040.0305/Identification-of-Leaf-Miner1-and-Its-Parasitoids-in-Tomato-Crops/10.3958/059.040.0305.pdf

Rogelio Enrique Palacios-Torres

Papers

Identificación, distribución y plantas hospederas de diez especies de Agromyzidae (Insecta: Diptera), de interés agronómico en México

Nuevos registros y extensiones de distribución de mamíferos para Guanajuato, México

Tiller population dynamics in eight cultivars of elephant grass during undisturbed growth

Colletotrichum brevisporum and C. musicola Causing Leaf Anthracnose of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Mexico

Identification of Leaf Miner1 and Its Parasitoids in Tomato Crops in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico