抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Plesovice zircon : A new natural reference material for U-Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis

Hf isotopic compositions of the standard zircons and baddeleyites used in U-Pb geochronology

Improved 206Pb/238U microprobe geochronology by the monitoring of a trace-element-related matrix effect; SHRIMP, ID-TIMS, ELA-ICP-MS and oxygen isotope documentation for a series of zircon standards

An Astronomically Tuned Neogene Time Scale (ATNTS2012) is presented, as an update of ATNTS2004 in GTS2004. The new scale is not fundamentally different from its predecessor and the numerical ages are identical or almost so. Astronomical tuning has in principle the potential of generating a stable Neogene time scale as a function of the accuracy of the La2004 astronomical solution used for both scales. Minor problems remain in the tuning of the Lower Miocene. In GTS2012 we will summarize what has been modified or added since the publication of ATNTS2004 for incorporation in its successor, ATNTS2012. Mammal biostratigraphy and its chronology are elaborated, and the regional Neogene stages of the Paratethys and New Zealand are briefy discussed. To keep changes to ATNTS2004 transparent we maintain its subdivision into headings as much as possible.

The Neogene Period

The expansion of ice masses across southern Africa during the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age has been known for 150 years, including the distribution of upland areas in controlling the configuration of glaciation. In Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved Namibia, increasing attention has focussed on long and deep palaeovalley networks in the Kaokoland region in the north, but comparatively little work has been attempted in the topographically subdued plains of the south, in the Aranos and Karasburg basins. The desert terrain of the Aranos area exposes diamictites of the Dwyka Group discontinuously over about 300 km, extending further south to the Karasburg area at the Namibian-South African border along the Orange River. Whilst examined at a stratigraphic level, the nature of the contact between the Dwyka glacial rocks and underlying lithologies has not been systematically investigated. This paper presents the results from fieldwork in austral winter 2019, in which a highly varying basal contact is described that records the processes of growth, flow and expansion of ice masses across this part of Gondwana. At the basin margins, subglacially-produced unconformities exhibit classic glacially striated pavements on indurated bedrock. In comparison, the basal subglacial unconformity in the more basinward regions is characterised by soft-sediment striated surfaces and deformation. In the Aranos Basin, soft-sediment shear zones originated in the subglacial environment. This type of subglacial unconformity developed over well differentiated, unconsolidated, siliciclastic materials. Where ice advanced over more poorly sorted material or cannibalised pre-existing diamictites, "boulder-pavements" recognized as single clast-thick boulder-dominated intervals formed. Importantly, these boulder-pavements are enriched in clasts, which were facetted and striated in-situ by overriding ice. By integrating measurements of striation orientations, fold vergence and palaeocurrent information, former ice flow pathways can potentially be reconstructed over a wide area.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/dep2.163

The Late Palaeozoic Ice Age unconformity in southern Namibia viewed as a patchwork mosaic

Geochemistry of a confirmed Precambrian impact ejecta deposit: The Grænsesø spherule layer, South Greenland

Recalibrating the breakup history of SW Gondwana: U-Pb radioisotopic age constraints from the southern Cape of South Africa

Revised zircon U-Pb ages for the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and the earliest Jurassic employing the chemical abrasion pretreatment (CA-TIMS) technique

1Geological Survey of Western Australia, Australia 2University of Western Australia, Australia 3Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Idaho, USA 4Geoscience Australia, Canberra, Australia 5Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 6School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia 7GEMOC, Macquarie University, Australia 8Berkeley Geochronology Center, California, USA

Roland Mundil

Papers

The Late Palaeozoic Ice Age unconformity in southern Namibia viewed as a patchwork mosaic

Geochemistry of a confirmed Precambrian impact ejecta deposit: The Grænsesø spherule layer, South Greenland

Recalibrating the breakup history of SW Gondwana: U-Pb radioisotopic age constraints from the southern Cape of South Africa

Revised zircon U-Pb ages for the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and the earliest Jurassic employing the chemical abrasion pretreatment (CA-TIMS) technique

Wordian (Middle Permian) U-Pb CA-IDTIMS isotopic ages from the Lightjack Formation, Canning Basin, Western Australia