Analysis of Contingency Tables

Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method.

Digital development in rural areas: potentials and pitfalls $

http://marcfbellemare.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Asche-et-al.-2014.pdf

Fair Enough? Food Security and the International Trade of Seafood

Challenging the inevitability of rural decline: Advancing the policy of place in northern British Columbia

In this article, the authors present arguments for a more interdisciplinary approach to community economic development. Building an alternative paradigm that includes six elements—resources, markets, institutions, society, decision making, and space—they rethink the framework that links economic theory to the practice of community economic development. Major attention is paid to the integration of economic and noneconomic factors in the practice of community economic development. In the end, the goal of this new paradigm is to more directly link the practice of community economic development to its solid interdisciplinary theoretical foundation.

Rethinking Community Economic Development

/pdf/community-economic-analysis-a-how-to-manual-3bqbfcmlis.pdf

Community Economic Analysis: A How To Manual

who are critical of the migration approach believe more attention should be focused on "place-based" policies. Place-based policies are designed to enhance the quality of life and economic opportunities within rural America so less reliance need be placed on migration-or at least those who choose to migrate will not be doing so simply because they have no choice. Critics of the migration approach often advance several additional arguments. First, the (labor) migration approach is not relevant to those not in the labor force, e.g., the elderly. Second, the urban areas bear costs unless excess public service capacity exists in those areas. Third, crime and other types of social pathology may increase in the receiving urban areas-especially if the rural migrants do not have the skills and education to find meaningful employment. Fourth, the migration from one's existing place of residence may come at a social and psychological cost to the individuals/families simply because "home" has value. Fifth, when carried to its extreme, those rural communities that have outlived their economic functionality will cease to exist-and these communities may have value to others. For example, urban residents may find value in a landscape that has villages and small towns in which they can visit, relax, and recreate. This paper has two purposes. The first is to gain an improved understanding of the attachment values placed on one's communityespecially in relation to the migration decision and the type and amount of social capital individuals have generated within their locale. Second, we pioneer the use of contingent valuation (CV) as a method for measuring one's attachment value to his or her community.

Social Capital, Attachment Value, and Rural Development: A Conceptual Framework and Application of Contingent Valuation

The new economic growth in nonmetropolitan areas of the U.S. has been the result of numerous economic, social, and political forces. One of these forces has been the location and expansion of export-oriented businesses. This is characterized by the relatively faster growth of manufacturing and some nonmanufacturing employment opportunities compared to the metropolitan changes (Haren and Holling 1979; Petrulis 1979). The export base expansion will have the well-known multiplier effect on total employment. While the central logic of the economic base multiplier is generally accepted, questions continue to abound regarding its apparent instability. Richardson (1978) commented on the wide variability of multiplier estimates. Many reports of economic impact warn the reader that actual results may vary from anticipated results because of type of stimulus, location of spending, timing, etc. However, a search of the literature has yielded few reports that have systematically examined community factors which influence the size of the local multiplier or the impacts from the multiplier. The purpose of this paper then is to present the results of a systematic examination of community characteristics which condition the magnitude of local multiplier impacts. The central hypothesis to be tested here is that community economic growth or decline is a function of the type of exogenous employment change and a vector of community characteristics, including location and population. It is the contention of this study that community characteristics affect

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3145878

Community Characteristics and Employment Multipliers in Nonmetropolitan Counties, 1950-1970

This paper uses three fundamental elements of economic theory to explain the options available to localities that want to alter their economic destiny. The three elements are demand, supply, and institutional forces. An understanding of these forces will increase a community developer's ability to work with community residents attempting to manipulate these same forces to their community's advantage. Demand forces relate to external (export) and internal (consumer) markets. Supply forces incorporate the access to and mobility of capital, labor, and technology for use by the community to produce the economic output desired Institutional forces represent the "rules of the economic game" and the decision-making capacity of the community. Both are subject to local manipulation but are too often the forgotten elements of a comprehensive community economic development strategy. These elements operate within a context of preconditions or values that influence the extent to which the community chooses to exercise...

Ron Shaffer

Papers

Rethinking Community Economic Development

Community Economic Analysis: A How To Manual

Social Capital, Attachment Value, and Rural Development: A Conceptual Framework and Application of Contingent Valuation

Community Characteristics and Employment Multipliers in Nonmetropolitan Counties, 1950-1970

Building Economically Viable Communities: A Role for Community Developers