The production of new automotive catalytic converters requires the increase of the quantity of Platinum Group Metals in order to deal with the strict emission standards that are imposed for vehicles. The use of PGMs coming from the recycling of spent autocatalysts could greatly reduce the cost of catalyst production for the automotive industry. This paper presents the synthesis of novel automotive Three-Way Catalysts (PLTWC, Pd/Rh = 55/5, 60 gPGMs/ft3) and diesel oxidation catalysts (PLDOC, Pt/Pd = 3/1, 110 gPGMs/ft3) from recovered PGMs, without further refinement steps. The catalysts were characterized and evaluated in terms of activity in comparison with benchmark catalysts produced using commercial metal precursors. The small-scale catalytic monoliths were successfully synthesized as evidenced by the characterization of the samples with XRF analysis, optical microscopy, and N2 physisorption. Hydrothermal ageing of the catalysts was performed and led to a significant decrease of the specific surface area of all catalysts (recycled and benchmarks) due to sintering of the support material and metal particles. The TWCs were studied for their activity in CO and unburned hydrocarbon oxidation reactions under a slightly lean environment of the gas mixture (λ > 1) as well as for their ability to reduce NOx under a slightly rich gas mixture (λ < 1). Recycled TWC fresh catalyst presented the best performance amongst the catalysts studied for the abatement of all pollutant gases, and they also showed the highest Oxygen Storage Capacity value. Moreover, comparing the aged samples, the catalyst produced from recycled PGMs presented higher activity than the one synthesized with the use of commercial PGM metal precursors. The results obtained for the DOC catalysts showed that the aged PLDOC catalyst outperformed both the fresh catalyst and the aged DOC catalyst prepared with the use of commercial metal precursors for the oxidation of CO, hydrocarbons, and NO. The latter reveals the effect of the presence of several impurities in the recovered PGMs solutions.

First of Its Kind Automotive Catalyst Prepared by Recycled PGMs-Catalytic Performance

Using bioalcohols as a renewable energy source to substitute a part of fossil energy traffic and increasing the sustainability of individual transportation are important objectives in several countries. The global share of Bioethanol used for transportation is continuously increasing. Ethanol is a biomass-based renewable fuel that can be produced by alcoholic fermentation of sugar beet, sugar can, corn, and wheat (bio-ethanol), although petro-ethanol also exists, i.e., ethanol produced from fossil fuels. In the present tests we performed repeated cold starts performed with all investigated fuels, in two temperature ranges approaching 0oC and 20oC and with online measurement of different legislated and non-legislated emission components. The investigated fuel contained ethanol (E), in the portions of 10% and 85% by volume. The investigated vehicle represented a newer state of technology and an emission level of Euro 5. The engine works with homogenous GDI concept and with 3-W-catalyst (3WC). Since there is a special concern about the particle emissions of gasoline cars with direct injection, the nanoparticle counts measurements were systematically performed. The non-legislated gaseous emissions were tested at the tailpipe with FTIR, this with special focus on NH3, HCHO (formaldehyde), and MeCHO (acetaldehyde).

http://www.pjoes.com/pdf-69282-24147?filename=Cold Start with.pdf

Cold start with ethanol-blend fuels and influences on non-legislated emissions of a GDI flex fuel vehicle

Further Analysis of the Effect of Oxygen Concentration on the Thermal Aging of Automotive Catalysts

Operating condition test system and method of fluidized bed reactor

Sensitivity Analysis of Full Scale Catalyst Response under Dynamic Testing Conditions - A Method to Develop Further Understanding of Catalytic Converter Behavior Pt.1

테스트 시스템은 유체 회로 및 테스트 하에서 아이템을 위한 테스트 존을 가진 반응기를 포함한다. 복수의 제어 존은 제어 정보와 관련된 유체의 파라미터를 제어하기 위해, 유체 회로 내에 포함된다. 제어 시스템은 유체 파라미터에 대한 테스트 값을 나타내는 입력 데이터를 수신하고, 입력 데이터 및 반응기의 수학적 모델을 사용하여, 유체의 행동을 예측하고, 예측된 유체 행동에 기초하여 제어 정보를 계산하고, 그리고 제어 정보를 제어 존과 통신한다. 시스템은 유체 배출과 희석의 선택적인 사용에 의해, 및 온도와 흐름 바이패스 회로의 사용에 의해, 일시적인 테스트 조건을 시뮬레이팅할 수 있다.

재순환 유체 반응기를 가진 테스트 시스템

A test system comprising a reactor having a fluid circuit and a test zone for an item under test. A plurality of control zones are included in the fluid circuit for controlling parameters of the fluid in accordance with control information. A control system receives input data specifying test values for the fluid parameters, predicts the behaviour of the fluid using the input data and a mathematical model of the reactor, calculates control information based on the predicted fluid behaviour, and communicates the control information to the control zones. The system can simulate transient test conditions by selective use of fluid evacuation and dilution, and by use of temperature and flow bypass circuits.

Test System with Recirculating Fluid Reactor

A systematic testing procedure has been employed to investigate the high temperature oxidation kinetics of AISI 316L. Thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out at 950°C, 1050°C, 1150°C and 1250°C for 8h. Alongside this, isothermal furnace treatments were carried out on samples of the same material at the same temperatures for time periods of 0.5h, 1h, 2h, 4h and 8h. Changes in oxidation kinetics were observed on mass gain curves plotted from data derived from the TG analysis. When a change in oxidation kinetics was identified, the structure, thickness and composition of the oxides formed on the isothermal treatment samples at time periods before and after the change occurred could be studied. It was found that this systematic testing procedure provided a great deal of useful information allowing more meaningful conclusions to be made on the influence of oxide layer thickness, structure and composition on high temperature oxidation kinetics.

A systematic testing procedure to investigate the influence of oxide morphology, composition and thickness on changes in the high temperature oxidation kinetics of AISI 316L stainless steel

Rose Mary Stalker

Papers

Sensitivity Analysis of Full Scale Catalyst Response under Dynamic Testing Conditions - A Method to Develop Further Understanding of Catalytic Converter Behavior Pt.1

재순환 유체 반응기를 가진 테스트 시스템

Test System with Recirculating Fluid Reactor

Further Analysis of the Effect of Oxygen Concentration on the Thermal Aging of Automotive Catalysts

A systematic testing procedure to investigate the influence of oxide morphology, composition and thickness on changes in the high temperature oxidation kinetics of AISI 316L stainless steel