Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans

Research on framing is characterized by theoretical and empirical vagueness. This is due, in part, to the lack of a commonly shared theoretical model underlying framing research. Conceptual problems translate into operational problems, limiting the comparability of instruments and results. In this paper I systematize the fragmented approaches to framing in political communication and integrate them into a comprehensive model. I classify previous approaches to framing research along two dimensions: the type of frame examined (media frames vs. audience frames) and the way frames are operationalized (independent variable or dependent variable). I develop a process model of framing, identifying four key processes that should be addressed in future research: frame building, frame setting, individual-level processes of framing, and a feedback loop from audiences to journalists.

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Framing as a theory of media effects

A comprehensive literature review identifies 1415 species of infectious organism known to be pathogenic to humans, including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths. Out of these, 868 (61%) are zoonotic, that is, they can be transmitted between humans and animals, and 175 pathogenic species are associated with diseases considered to be 'emerging'. We test the hypothesis that zoonotic pathogens are more likely to be associated with emerging diseases than non-emerging ones. Out of the emerging pathogens, 132 (75%) are zoonotic, and overall, zoonotic pathogens are twice as likely to be associated with emerging diseases than non-zoonotic pathogens. However, the result varies among taxa, with protozoa and viruses particularly likely to emerge, and helminths particularly unlikely to do so, irrespective of their zoonotic status. No association between transmission route and emergence was found. This study represents the first quantitative analysis identifying risk factors for human disease emergence.

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Risk factors for human disease emergence.

Nematodes are important: parasitic nematodes threaten the health of plants, animals and humans on a global scale; interstitial nematodes pervade sediment and soil ecosystems in overwhelming numbers; and Caenorhabditis elegans is a favourite experimental model system. A lack of clearly homologous characters and the absence of an informative fossil record have prevented us from deriving a consistent evolutionary framework for the phylum. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis, using 53 small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences from a wide range of nematodes. With this analysis, we can compare animal-parasitic, plant-parasitic and free-living taxa using a common measurement. Our results indicate that convergent morphological evolution may be extensive and that present higher-level classification of the Nematoda will need revision. We identify five major clades within the phylum, all of which include parasitic species. We suggest that animal parasitism arose independently at least four times, and plant parasitism three times. We clarify the relationship of C. elegans to major parasitic groups; this will allow more effective exploitation of our genetic and biological knowledge of this model species.

A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda

The increasing popularity of the framing concept in media analysis goes hand in hand with significant inconsistency in its application. This paper outlines an integrated process model of framing that includes production, content, and media use perspectives. A typology of generic and issue-specific frames is proposed based on previous studies of media frames. An example is given of how generic news frames may be identified and used to understand cross-national differences in news coverage. The paper concludes with an identification of contentious issues in current framing research.

News framing: Theory and typology

The main aim of this book is to summarise and synthesize our knowledge of the main features of the development and transmission of parasitic nematodes of vertebrates, and to place this information within the context of the modern classification of the nematodes. The volume is unique in its comprehensive coverage, and includes nematode parasites of humans, domestic animals and wildlife, including fish. After an introductory chapter, the author systematically describes the biological characteristics of the 27 superfamilies of nematodes, followed generally in each case by families, subfamilies and sometimes genera. Altogether, some 561 particular species are reviewed (most individually) and approximately 2700 references cited. The book provides a unified zoological overview of development, life cycles and transmission, rather than emphasizing diseases caused by the parasites. It is a useful reference work for parasitologists, as well as for interested physicians, veterinarians, zoologists and wildlife and fisheries biologists.

Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission

Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their Development and Transmission

If you really want to be smarter, reading can be one of the lots ways to evoke and realize. Many people who like reading will have more knowledge and experiences. Reading can be a way to gain information from economics, politics, science, fiction, literature, religion, and many others. As one of the part of book categories, out of order always becomes the most wanted book. Many people are absolutely searching for this book. It means that many love to read this kind of book.

Out of order

The egg the exoskeleton growth and moulting the epidermis musculature the nervous system the pseudocoelom the secretory-excretory system the digestive system the reproductive system nematode pathology.

Roy C. Anderson

Papers

Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission

Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their Development and Transmission

Out of order

The Structure of Nematodes

CIH keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates