Collagen and gelatin have been widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to their excellent biocompatibility, easy biodegradability, and weak antigenicity. Fish collagen and gelatin are of renewed interest, owing to the safety and religious concerns of their mammalian counterparts. The structure of collagen has been studied using various modern technologies, and interpretation of the raw data should be done with caution. The structure of collagen may vary with sources and seasons, which may affect its applications and optimal extraction conditions. Numerous studies have investigated the bioactivities and biological effects of collagen, gelatin, and their hydrolysis peptides, using both in vitro and in vivo assay models. In addition to their established nutritional value as a protein source, collagen and collagen-derived products may exert various potential biological activities on cells in the extracellular matrix through the corresponding food-derived peptides after ingestion, and this might justify their applications in dietary supplements and pharmaceutical preparations. Moreover, an increasing number of novel applications have been found for collagen and gelatin. Therefore, this review covers the current understanding of the structure, bioactivities, and biological effects of collagen, gelatin, and gelatin hydrolysates as well as their most recent applications.

Collagen and gelatin.

Isolation and characterization of fish scale collagen of higher thermal stability

Isolation and characterisation of collagen extracted from the skin of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

Preparation, properties and antioxidant activity of an active film from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin gelatin incorporated with green tea extract

Collagens are the most abundant high molecular weight proteins in both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms, including mammals, and possess mainly a structural role, existing different types according with their specific organization in distinct tissues. From this, they have been elected as one of the key biological materials in tissue regeneration approaches. Also, industry is constantly searching for new natural sources of collagen and upgraded methodologies for their production. The most common sources are from bovine and porcine origin, but other ways are making their route, such as recombinant production, but also extraction from marine organisms like fish. Different organisms have been proposed and explored for collagen extraction, allowing the sustainable production of different types of collagens, with properties depending on the kind of organism (and their natural environment) and extraction methodology. Such variety of collagen properties has been further investigated in different ways to render a wide range of applications. The present review aims to shed some light on the contribution of marine collagens for the scientific and technological development of this sector, stressing the opportunities and challenges that they are and most probably will be facing to assume a role as an alternative source for industrial exploitation.

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/33123/1/18261-16_ReviewMarineCollagen_marinedrugs-12-05881.pdf

Marine Origin Collagens and Its Potential Applications

Properties of collagen from skin, scale and bone of carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Characterisation of acid-soluble collagen from skin of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Characterisation of acid-soluble and pepsin-solubilised collagen from jellyfish (Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye)☆

Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) were isolated from silver carp scales (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and some biochemical properties of scale collagens were investigated. The yields of ASC and PSC on the dry basis were 0.86% and 2.32%, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns showed that the two collagens from silver carp scale were type I collagen. They consisted of at least two subunits (α1 and α2). The molecular weight of α2 chain is approximately 116 kDa. The melting point measured by circular dichroism was 36C for scale ASC and 35.5C for scale PSC. The denaturation temperature (Td) of ASC and PSC were around 29C determined by circumvolving viscometer.



PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Collagen has been widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biomedical materials and other industries. The outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy have resulted in anxieties among users of cattle collagen. Fish collagen has higher safety than mammalian collagen. Collagens can be used as food casings, sausage casings, fibers or shaped products, as well as improving agent in shampoo. Silver carp is one of the major freshwater fish produced in China with the production of 3,524,800 tons in 2005. With the rapid development of fishery, some processing companies were established. A large amount of fish scales were produced, but the use of scales was very limited. This work reports on the extraction and characterization of collagens (ASC, PSC) from silver carp scale, which will offer some information for the better utilization of collagens from silver carp scale.

Rui Duan

Papers

Properties of collagen from skin, scale and bone of carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Characterisation of acid-soluble collagen from skin of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Characterisation of acid-soluble and pepsin-solubilised collagen from jellyfish (Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye)☆

Isolation and characterization of collagens from scale of silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

The functional properties and application of gelatin derived from the skin of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).