Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) have been the subjects of researchers because of their unique properties (e.g., size and shape depending optical, antimicrobial, and electrical properties). A variety of preparation techniques have been reported for the synthesis of silver NPs; notable examples include, laser ablation, gamma irradiation, electron irradiation, chemical reduction, photochemical methods, microwave processing, and biological synthetic methods. This review presents an overview of silver nanoparticle preparation by physical, chemical, and biological synthesis. The aim of this review article is, therefore, to reflect on the current state and future prospects, especially the potentials and limitations of the above mentioned techniques for industries.

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Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical and biological methods.

http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/Abdel-Raouf%20et%20al%2C2012.pdf

Microalgae and wastewater treatment.

Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles: A review

Using aqueous cyanobacterial extracts in the synthesis of silver nanoparticle is looked as green, ecofriendly, low priced biotechnology that gives advancement over both chemical and physical methods. In the current study, an aqueous extract of Oscillatoria limnetica fresh biomass was used for the green synthesis of Ag-NPs, since O. limnetica extract plays a dual part in both reducing and stabilizing Oscillatoria-silver nanoparticles (O-AgNPs). The UV-Visible absorption spectrum, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were achieved for confirming and characterizing the biosynthesized O-AgNPs. TEM images detected the quasi-spherical Ag-NPs shape with diverse size ranged within 3.30–17.97 nm. FT-IR analysis demonstrated the presence of free amino groups in addition to sulfur containing amino acid derivatives acting as stabilizing agents as well as the presence of either sulfur or phosphorus functional groups which possibly attaches silver. In this study, synthesized Ag-NPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus) as well as cytotoxic effects against both human breast (MCF-7) cell line giving IC50 (6.147 µg/ml) and human colon cancer (HCT-116) cell line giving IC50 (5.369 µg/ml). Hemolytic activity of Ag-NPs was investigated and confirmed as being non- toxic to human RBCs in low concentrations.

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Synthesis and biological characterization of silver nanoparticles derived from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica.

Phytoplankton communities in aquatic ecosystems are the most important component that varies significantly on the basis of the available environmental conditions and trophic status of the habitat Thus, analysis of the phytoplankton community is highly indicative of the condition of the habitat Interpretation of plankton data from an ecological perspective depends upon the sampling strategy and the area of study Thus, strategies of phytoplankton sampling may vary depending upon the ecosystem dynamics which is different for standing water (lakes and wetlands) as compared to lotic habitats (rivers and estuaries) For proper and precise data, collection sampling cannot remain restricted to a particular station or site Several sites/stations should be sampled on the same instance to reduce uneven horizontal distribution (patchiness) Accordingly, sample collection for phytoplankton community analysis is an important aspect for correct community pattern analysis From time to time the procedures for phytoplankton sample collection have improved significantly Thus, in this section, we will discuss about the more commonly used phytoplankton sampling methods applicable both in estuarine and marine habitats

Community Pattern Analysis

A food preservation system can include a gas (e.g., oxygen) permeable package having at least one oxygen permeable member defining a package chamber therein, and a silverized biomass in the package chamber of the oxygen permeable package. Another food preservation system can include a container having an internal chamber, and an oxygen permeable divider located in the internal chamber so as to divide the internal chamber into a first chamber and a second chamber. The first chamber can being configured for receiving food therein, and a silverized biomass is located in the second chamber. A method of preserving food can include retaining a food in a container that includes silverized biomass such that the food does not contact the silverized biomass. The silverized biomass can have a combination of silver and biomass.

Food preservation with silver-biomass

Abiotic stress‐induced changes in nutritive potential of Halamphora subturgida (Hustedt) Levkov and utilization of processed biomass in diets for ornamental gold fish (Carassius auratus)

A detailed study was done to understand the effect of phytohormones on morphology and growth performances of green filamentous algal taxa viz. Pithophora mooreana, P. cleveana, P. roettleri, Cladophora glomerata, Spirogyra orientalis, Oedogonium hindustanense, O. mexicanum, O. lemmermannii, O. rufescens f. minuta and Trentepohlia torulosa in vitro. Different proportion of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) and kinetin (2:1 and 1:2 of 1mg/mL concentration) were applied in growth medium in laboratory condition. Drastic change in cell proliferation, cell enlargement and initiation of reproductive structures were observed. Both cell length and breadth were increased with time at high 2, 4-D and low kinetin ratio (2:1). The statistical analysis showed significant relationship of cell length and breadth under the variables 2:1 and 1:2 of P. roettleri (p<0.05). A significant result (p<0.05) was obtained in cell length of O. lemmermannii and cell breadth in P. mooreana under two variables, 2:1 and 1:2 hormone ratios. High 2, 4-D level induced formation of reproductive structures viz. sporangium, oogonium, akinetes etc whereas its low concentration does not show any major changes. The high kinetin induced rapid cell division which results cell proliferation and enlargement. The detail morphological and reproductive changes are reported in the present communication.

Influence of growth regulators (2, 4-D and Kinetin) on vegetative and reproductive behaviour of some green algae

Companies are turning to social media marketing as the newest means of promoting their products and services. Instagram, a photo-sharing app for mobile devices, has emerged as a critical marketing tool. This research aims to determine which of the three Instagram marketing strategies is the most effective in terms of growing a following, increasing brand recognition, and boosting sales. Many secondary sources were also used to support the primary research. Instagram users in the city of Ahmedabad were surveyed to gather information. T-tests, Chi-Square, and descriptive statistics were used to examine the data further.

A recent study found that Instagram users take a variety of things into account when deciding whether or not to follow a brand or post about a product or service. According to our survey, the vast majority of those who responded were utilizing Instagram to promote their brands and increase sales on their e-commerce sites.

Generally, Instagram users create traffic by arranging their grids attractively, publishing consistently, following Instagram trends, and offering discounts and coupons. Marketers may use Instagram to their advantage by creating unique and engaging content. Because of Instagram's emphasis on visual features such as photographs and videos, marketers now have a new channel through which to reach customers. Customers and businesses may converse more easily and casually on Instagram because of the platform's more relaxed atmosphere.

Ruma Pal

Papers

Community Pattern Analysis

Food preservation with silver-biomass

Abiotic stress‐induced changes in nutritive potential of Halamphora subturgida (Hustedt) Levkov and utilization of processed biomass in diets for ornamental gold fish (Carassius auratus)

Influence of growth regulators (2, 4-D and Kinetin) on vegetative and reproductive behaviour of some green algae

A research paper on strategies that businesses use to survive through social media marketing with reference to instagram