The demand of enzymes in industrial sectors is increasing rapidly due to their economical and ecological advantages. Micro-organisms produce different types of extracellular enzymes for maintaining their own metabolism, defense, and normal physiological condition. Among several enzymes, proteases have gained special attention in industrial sectors. Several sources of extracellular enzymes are reported by various researchers, but enzymes obtain from microbial sources have high demand in industries due to lower cost, high production rate, availability, stability, and diversity. Among micro-organism, bacteria and fungi are reported to be good sources of different types of proteases such as alkaline protease, cysteine protease, aspartate protease, and metallo protease. In this review, we have summarized the available information about the sources of bacterial and fungal proteases, their purification strategies and their temperature and pH optima. Due to huge competition, companies are trying to reduce their manufacturing cost and that's why microbial sources of enzymes are important. However, genetically engineered strains or engineered proteases have much more importance over natural isolates/protease in industries due to higher production rate and other advantages. Here we have also summarized the important applications of protease in different industries such as, paper mill, starch degrading sector, food processing factories, and detergent making companies.

Impact of microbial proteases on biotechnological industries.

Resorting to a One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach, the marine Streptomyces sp. BRB081 strain was grown in six different media settings over 1, 2, 3 or 7 days. Extractions of mycelium and broth were conducted separately for each media and cultivation period by sonication using methanol/acetone 1:1 and agitation with ethyl acetate, respectively. All methanol/acetone and ethyl acetate crude extracts were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS and data treatment was performed through GNPS platform using MZmine 2 software. In parallel, the genome was sequenced, assembled and mined to search for biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) of secondary metabolites using the AntiSMASH 5.0 software. Spectral library search tool allowed the annotation of desferrioxamines, fatty acid amides, diketopiperazines, xanthurenic acid and, remarkably, the cyclic octapeptides surugamides. Molecular network analysis allowed the observation of the surugamides cluster, where surugamide A and the protonated molecule corresponding to the B-E isomers, as well as two potentially new analogues, were detected. Data treatment through MZmine 2 software allowed to distinguish that the largest amount of surugamides was obtained by cultivating BRB081 in SCB medium during 7 days and extraction of culture broth. Using the same data treatment, a chemical barcode was created for easy visualization and comparison of the metabolites produced overtime in all media. By genome mining of BRB081 four regions of biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites were detected supporting the metabolic data. Cytotoxic evaluation of all crude extracts using MTT assay revealed the highest bioactivity was also observed for extracts obtained in the optimal conditions as those for surugamides production, suggesting these to be the main active compounds herein. This method allowed the identification of compounds in the crude extracts and guided the selection of best conditions for production of bioactive compounds.

/pdf/metabolomic-study-of-marine-streptomyces-sp-secondary-3qgy9fprns.pdf

Metabolomic study of marine Streptomyces sp.: Secondary metabolites and the production of potential anticancer compounds

Nano-Fe3O4-laden quaternary-ammonium Chinese reed has been prepared for perchlorate removal, and the laden perchlorate was bioreduced on the surface of the biosorbent by mixed perchlorate-reducing bacteria. Results of kinetics, isotherms, and computations revealed strong competitive impact of coexisting NO3– on the uptake of perchlorate. Perchlorate capacity loss dropped significantly (37–50%) at relatively lower molar ratio of nitrate to perchlorate (<5), but 33–46% of the capacity was still retained at a molar ratio of 20. Nitrate laden on the surface of the biosorbent would inevitably inhibit the bioreduction of laden perchlorate. The highest bioreduction rate for laden perchlorate (0.046 mgp·mgss–1·day–1) was obtained in the first 24 h of bioreduction. Biofouling on the surface of the biosorbent indicated that small amounts of bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances were possibly still attached on the surface of the biosorbent even after sterilization, which may be a potential cause of the dec...

Biosorption and Bioreduction of Perchlorate Using the Nano-Fe3O4-Laden Quaternary-Ammonium Chinese Reed: Considering the Coexisting Nitrate and Nano-Fe3O4

https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/114540/4/93DDFFFF-E498-479B-B081-9CB6798CC100%20am.pdf

Characteristics of electron transport chain and affecting factors for thiosulfate-driven perchlorate reduction

Bio-reduction of free and laden perchlorate by the pure and mixed perchlorate reducing bacteria: Considering the pH and coexisting nitrate.

Diversity of bacteria, archaea and protozoa in a perchlorate treating bioreactor.

With the development of science and technology and increasing population, the health facilities are developing very fast. Due to this reason, the consumption of X-ray, MRI and CT scan films are increasing rapidly. Silver is the major cast component which is present as thin coating on these films. Waste prints, negatives and used films are disposed often in municipal waste streams, ending up in landfills or incinerators, which leads to environmental pollution and incineration of used films leads to loss of silver. Microorganisms offer a better alternative method of silver extraction. By employing microbial enzyme like protease, silver is efficiently extracted from films into solution from where it can be recovered by chemical precipitation or by electrolysis. This biotechnological approach has tremendous potential in recycling the extracted silver as well as plastic sheets efficiently. The present work deals with the isolation and characterization of bacterial isolate which showed clearing activity on X-ray and MRI films. Silver extraction by employing Bacillus isolate is reported. Silver recovery was about 90% from the leach out solutions and had a purity of about 0.89 fine quality. An interesting feature of this isolate is its capability of silver nanoparticles synthesis. Recovery of the silver obtained from the used films (leachates) as Nanosilver particles by employing the potential Bacillus isolate is promising and we are making detailed study in this regard.

Bioprocess of silver extraction from used X-ray and MRI films

The marine environment is endowed with novel and rich sources of structural and functional metabolites that have prospective biomedical applications. Several marine plants, algae, and invertebrates are known to have a huge number of fungal endophytes. Until now, only a few marine-derived fungal endophytes have been identified as producers of bioactive secondary metabolites compared to the inhabitants of higher plants. These fungal endophytes were recently documented to produce a plethora of signature molecules for exploitation in industry, agriculture, and medicine. Endophytic fungi associated with marine hosts are acquiring increasing importance as promising sources of structural and biological natural products. This review presents knowledge on secondary metabolites isolated from algae in marine habitats, coral and sponge-associated endophytic fungi with a special emphasis on secondary metabolite production. The data presented in this review presents knowledge on secondary metabolites isolated from algae in marine habitats, coral and sponge-associated endophytic fungi.

Secondary Metabolites from Marine Endophytic Fungi: Emphasis on Recent Advances in Natural Product Research

Effect of triclosan on protozoa in wastewater treating bioreactors.

A large number of Bacillus sps are ubiquitous and can modulate in diverse environments. The QS response in Bacillus sp. involves expression of adaptive extracellular factors like food-degrading enzymes, virulence factors, antibiotics, or biosurfactants. They produce QS signals as small peptide molecules i.e. autoinducer peptides (AIP) processed from their oligopeptide precursors. Members of the Rap-Phr family of QS systems in Bacillus subtilis are involved in regulation of competence, sporulation and biofilm formation. Moreover they possess a typical Com QXPA QS system which controls the expression of nearly 200 genes, including both extracellular and intracellular factors. However in B. thuringenesis, the virulence expression, sporulation and nectotropism are strongly regulated by NprR/NprX signal regulators which belong to RNPP family. NprR/NprX QS system was identified to regulate the expression of pathogenesis in B.anthracis, which causes fatal pulmonary infection. Two established QS systems PlcR/PapR and NprR/NprX for virulence regulation were found in different species of Bacillus. Current review emphasizes on the comparative study of different QS systems in Bacilli which control the pathogenesis and development processes. Despite the fundamental biological importance in medicine and industry, Bacillus QS molecules can serve as potential biomarkers.

S. Anju

Papers

Diversity of bacteria, archaea and protozoa in a perchlorate treating bioreactor.

Bioprocess of silver extraction from used X-ray and MRI films

Secondary Metabolites from Marine Endophytic Fungi: Emphasis on Recent Advances in Natural Product Research

Effect of triclosan on protozoa in wastewater treating bioreactors.

Novel Insights on the Bacillus Quorum Sensing Mechanism: Its Role in Competence, Virulence, Sporulation and Biofilm Formation