During the past decade, water needs have risen exponentially to an unprecedented scale in India. The demand for water supply is ever increasing and satisfying this requirement has been a major challenge for many countries around the world. Urbanization, climatic changes and wasteful usage has further depleted the resource. Water being one of the major requirements for human survival, conservation and management of the resource must be given utmost importance. Ensuring access to safe and clean water is another issue that requires attention. In this paper, we present an IPv6 network connected IoT design for real-time water flow metering and quality monitoring. Our prototype implementation uses CoAP for monitoring and control approach which supports internet based data collection. The system addresses new challenges in the water sector - ease of billing, fair billing and the need for a study of supply versus consumption of water in order to create awareness to curb water wastage and encourage its conservation. Automatic detection of leakage through any of the outlets is notified to the user. We also measure the quality of water distributed to every household by deploying pH and ORP sensors. The traditional water metering systems require periodic manual intervention for both metering and maintenance making it inconvenient and often least effective. Shortcomings of the existing models call for a ubiquitous usage of wireless systems for smart water flow metering and quality monitoring. We propose to do this with the aid of CC2538 motes programmed using ContikiOS to monitor the water consumption and communicate the data to a gateway wirelessly.

An IoT based 6LoWPAN enabled experiment for water management

Routing is a complex and critical stage in the physical design of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), minimizing interconnect length and delay to optimize overall chip performance. With the rapid development of modern technology, VLSI routing faces enormous challenges such as large delay, high congestion, and high-power consumption. As a rising optimization method, Swarm Intelligence (SI) inspired from collective intelligence behaviors through cooperation or interaction with the environment provides effectiveness and robustness for solving NP-hard problems. Many researchers have consequently used SI techniques to solve routing-related problems in VLSI. This paper reviews the application of several SI techniques to the VLSI routing filed. Firstly, five commonly used SI techniques and related models, and three classic routing problems are described: Steiner tree construction, global routing and detailed routing. Then an overview of the current state of this field is given according to the above categories, and the survey offers informative discussions from five aspects: 1) Steiner minimum tree construction; 2) wirelength-driven routing; 3) obstacle-avoiding routing; 4) timing-driven routing; 5) power-driven routing. Finally, under three new technology models: X-architecture, multiple dynamic supply voltage and via-pillar, the future development trends are pointed as follows: 1) suggesting suitable SI techniques to specific routing problems for advanced technology models; 2) exploring new and available SI techniques that have not yet been applied to VLSI routing.

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A Survey of Swarm Intelligence Techniques in VLSI Routing Problems

Global Routing (GR) is a crucial and complex stage in the Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) design, which minimizes interconnect wirelength and delay to optimize the overall chip performance. Steiner tree construction is one of the basic models of VLSI physical design, which is usually used in the initial topology creation for noncritical nets in physical design. In a GR process, a Steiner Minimum Tree (SMT) algorithm can be invoked millions of times, which means that SMT algorithm has great significance for the final quality of GR. Some of the research works are surveyed in this paper to understand GR and SMT problems and to learn the available solutions. Firstly, we systematically dissect three types of subproblems in Steiner tree construction and three types of GR methods. Then, we investigate the recent progress under two new technology models. Finally, the survey concludes with a summary of possible future research directions.

A Survey on Steiner Tree Construction and Global Routing for VLSI Design

Full Adder (FA) circuits are integral components in the design of Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) of modern computing systems. Recently, there have been massive research interests in this area due to the growing need for low-power and high-performance computing systems. Researchers have proposed a variety of FA cells with diverse design techniques, each having its pros and cons. As a result, a systematic method for performance comparison of FA cells using a common simulation platform has become necessary. In this work, we present an extensive study of FA cells. We have compared the performance of thirty-three (33) existing 1-bit FA cells. The drive powers of these FA cells have been compared by applying a variety of load conditions. In addition, the 1-bit FA cells have been extended to 32-bit structures to test their scalability and to investigate their performance in wide-word structures. We have determined that twenty-one (21) of the thirty-three (33) FA cells cannot operate in a 32-bit structure, even though some of them exhibit excellent performance as a 1-bit cell. The main finding of this research is that the single-bit performance parameters of FA cells should not be considered as the main basis for performance comparison. Any FA cell should be analyzed in a multi-bit structure to determine its practical effectiveness.

/pdf/comprehensive-study-of-1-bit-full-adder-cells-review-2p2d8wn4jc.pdf

Comprehensive study of 1-Bit full adder cells: review, performance comparison and scalability analysis

Evolutionary intelligence has become one of the most important directions that improve the performance and effectiveness of automated systems such as communication systems, robotics and engineering industries. Today, there are many applications of evolutionary intelligence in many engineering fields and the most important fields related to computation and informatics engineering as a part of electrical and communication engineering, as modern engineering applications are involved in these fields. The sensor network is the main data source in the world of smart systems nowadays. Additionally, it has become a field of science used in the development of the rest of scientific applications. The need to use evolutionary intelligence in sensor networks has emerged because of the problems encountered by different types of sensor networks. This paper represents a comprehensive scientific review of the role of evolutionary intelligence in sensor networks and its implications for this important part of engineering applications. This paper discusses the theoretical, mathematical and practical application of evolutionary computing with the use of evolutionary algorithms and the improvements resulting from the application of evolutionary intelligence in sensor networks. The content of this paper will review the most important of the evolutionary intelligence from principles, algorithms and applications. The problems facing the types of sensor network has been solved using evolutionary algorithms. After reviewing the evolutionary intelligence and its details in the sensor network, a performance evaluation is presented in the paper at the end of each of the targeted areas of the sensor network. This performance evaluation represents the measure of the quality of improvements provided by evolutionary intelligence in sensor network field with graphical analysis studies to demonstrate the effect of evolutionary algorithms on the sensor network.

Evolutionary intelligence in wireless sensor network: routing, clustering, localization and coverage

Review on VLSI design using optimization and self-adaptive particle swarm optimization

This paper aims at providing a solution to the problems faced in the existing analogue water meters that include the low accuracy in flow measurement, air valve issue, manual billing system and uneven distribution of water The SMART AQUA METER-SAM overcomes these limitations by introducing a smart electronic measurement system It automates the billing system using a low power wireless technology-ZigBee[1] Water consumption is monitored in real time and the data is transmitted to the data centre via ZigBee for storage, billing and maintenance purposes A human machine interface is designed using NI LabVIEW An experimental result provides the validity for the proposed work

Smart aqua meter

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1344948.pdf

A Review Over Genetic Algorithm and Application of Wireless Network Systems

In today's agribusiness, using robotics, machine learning, and also the web of things has become standard practise. The agricultural business is being forced to embrace such new methods in order to address issues like massive unemployment, rising food consumption with declining quality farmland, efficiency per square land, and deteriorating food quality due to global warming. As a result of the aforementioned difficulties and the world's increasing population, research and innovation in agricultural technology have become more crucial nowadays. In this document, we suggest an AI-powered wire automaton with six levels of autonomy and an omega automaton with degrees of opportunity that can help with agricultural tasks like sorting, pest management, picking strawberries and flowers, fertiliser application, and tracking of plant development, NPK tiers, and soil moisture. The robotic is called Farmbot. The Based criteria may communicate crop information to distant servers where it can be processed and retrieved to get further insight into soil quality. It can also be managed and watched remotely by a home computer or via a mobile internet software. The Farmbot may be programmed to do routine tasks including continuous monitoring, collecting fruit, cleaning, applying fertiliser, and gathering information about each plant. The Farmbot has direct exposure to just about any area of the field thanks to its placement over a moveable four wheels bot. This Farmbot's goal is mainly on providing individualised plant maintenance and aiding producers in raising output. As a design illustration of a functioning version for the imagined Farmbot, a 3D depiction is shown. The simulation's outcomes are shown.

Super Six - Axis Cord Influenced Linear Laser for Personal Flower Management in Cultivation with Live Control Systems is Connected to The Robot Manipulator

One of the most familiar stochastic heuristic search algorithm is Particle swarm optimization (PSO), which is motivated by social behavior of animals like birds, fishes, and so forth. The significant advantages of PSO algorithm are simple structure and limited parameters to be used. Among the parameters, inertia weight is considered as the most crucial one in PSO which brings trade-off between the characteristics of exploitation and exploration. A novel Interactive Self-Improvement based Adaptive PSO (ISI-APSO) method that traits better searching efficiency and accuracy than the traditional particle swarm optimization is proposed. More precisely, it can achieve faster convergence speed while on global search over the entire search space. The simulation results show that the performance of our proposed ISI-APSO is substantially improved than other heuristic algorithms in terms of the search efficiency and convergence speed.

S. B. Vinay Kumar

Papers

Review on VLSI design using optimization and self-adaptive particle swarm optimization

Smart aqua meter

A Review Over Genetic Algorithm and Application of Wireless Network Systems

Super Six - Axis Cord Influenced Linear Laser for Personal Flower Management in Cultivation with Live Control Systems is Connected to The Robot Manipulator

Interactive Self Improvement Based Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization