Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

The use of quantum chemical methods in corrosion inhibitor studies

Electrochemical impedance study on the low temperature of Li-ion batteries

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The inhibitive action of three Schiff bases, N,N′-o-phenylen-bis(3-methoxysalicylidenimine) (V–o-Ph–V), N,N′-p-phenylen-bis (3-methoxysalicylidenimine) (V–p-Ph–V) and N-[(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]-histidine (V-His), on copper corrosion in aerated 0.5 mol dm−3 NaCl and NaBr solutions was investigated using EIS and steady-state polarization techniques. The inhibitor effectiveness depended strongly on the geometric structure of the Schiff bases. Among the three kinds of Schiff base used, the inhibition efficiency of V–o-Ph–V on copper corrosion was the highest, V–p-Ph–V the next and V-His the lowest. The Schiff bases inhibited the cathodic current more significantly than the anodic current. The different influences of V–o-Ph–V or V–p-Ph–V on the anodic and cathodic reactions led to the appearance of a low frequency capacitive loop in the impedance spectra. The inhibition action of the Schiff bases was due to their adsorption on the copper surface followed by complexation with Cu(I) or Cu(II) ions, forming a blocking barrier to copper corrosion.

Inhibition of copper corrosion by several Schiff bases in aerated halide solutions

Self-assembled films of carbazole (CZ) and N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) were prepared on copper surfaces. The corrosion protection abilities of the films were evaluated in an air-saturated 0.5 mol dm(-3) NaCl solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ( EIS), polarization and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that CZ and NVC form dense protective films on copper. Fourier transform infrared ( FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the film. It was found that the NVC molecules are tilted at an angle to the copper surface. The theoretical ab initio calculations support the experimental results.

Protection of copper corrosion by carbazole and N-vinylcarbazole self-assembled films in NaCl solution

Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of Schiff base N,N′-o-phenylen-bis(3-methoxysalicylaldenimine), designated as V-o-Ph-V, and N-2-hydroxyphenyl-(3-methoxysalicylidenimine), designated as V-b...

Self-Assembled Monolayers of Schiff Bases on Copper Surfaces

Simple method for preparation of cubic Ag nanoparticles and their self-assembled films

Protection of self-assembled monolayers formed from triethyl phosphate and mixed self-assembled monolayers from triethyl phosphate and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide for copper against corrosion

S. H. Chen

Papers

Inhibition of copper corrosion by several Schiff bases in aerated halide solutions

Protection of copper corrosion by carbazole and N-vinylcarbazole self-assembled films in NaCl solution

Self-Assembled Monolayers of Schiff Bases on Copper Surfaces

Simple method for preparation of cubic Ag nanoparticles and their self-assembled films

Protection of self-assembled monolayers formed from triethyl phosphate and mixed self-assembled monolayers from triethyl phosphate and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide for copper against corrosion