The determination of the amines in the environment is very important. In this review, different methods for the analysis of the amines in the environment are discussed. Different aspects of the toxicity of the amines are discussed in detail. Methods for the sampling of the amines in air, soil, and water are discussed. Though there different techniques for the analysis of the amines only high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis are discussed here. The different draw back, of these methods and their advantages are discussed in detail. The salient feature of the review is the discussion on the application of these methods for the determination of the amines in soil, water, and air, i.e., environmental samples.

Amines in the Environment

Optimization of solvent bar microextraction combined with gas chromatography for the analysis of aliphatic amines in water samples

Development of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following headspace single-drop microextraction and simultaneous derivatization for fast determination of short-chain aliphatic amines in water samples.

Polar nitrogen compounds and their behaviour in the drinking water treatment process.

A novel method for the determination of piperazine in pharmaceutical drug substances was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). This method uses the hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode on a cyanopropyl (CN) bonded stationary phase. Optimization of organic modifier and acid composition in the mobile phase resulted in robust chromatography conditions with excellent resolution, peak shape, and retention time for the piperazine peak. The method was further evaluated with respect to linearity, precision, selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), and reproducibility. Based on the data provided, this HPLC–ELSD method demonstrated acceptable levels of linearity, precision, LOD, and selectivity for determination of piperazine.

Novel Method for the Determination of Piperazine in Pharmaceutical Drug Substances Using Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography and Evaporative Light Scattering Detection

Two new methods were developed for the analysis of aliphatic (n-propylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine) and alicyclic (pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine) amines in water samples after derivatization and liquid-liquid-extraction. The carbamate-derivatives formed were determined by GC/MS (trichloroethyl carbamates) as well as by HPLC/fluorescence detection (9-fluorenylmethyl carbamates) in a concentration range between 0.05 and 1.0 μg/l suitable for drinking water analysis. Applications to German rivers and sewage plants show that both new methods produce corresponding results in analysing aliphatic and alicyclic amines in surface waters as well as in waste water samples.

S. Hampel

Papers

Determination of aliphatic and alicyclic amines in water by gas and liquid chromatography after derivatization by chloroformates.