and Applications of Fullerenes, Carbon Dots, Nanotubes, Graphene, Nanodiamonds, and Combined Superstructures Vasilios Georgakilas,† Jason A. Perman,‡ Jiri Tucek,‡ and Radek Zboril*,‡ †Material Science Department, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece ‡Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic

Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures.

Recent high-pressure studies reveal a wealth of new information about the behavior of molecular materials subjected to pressures well into the multimegabar range (several hundred gigapascal), corresponding to compressions in excess of an order of magnitude. Under such conditions, bonding patterns established for molecular systems near ambient conditions change dramatically, causing profound effects on numerous physical and chemical properties and leading to the formation of new classes of materials. Representative systems are examined to illustrate key phenomena, including the evolution of structure and bonding with compression; pressure-induced phase transitions and chemical reactions; pressure-tuning of vibrational dynamics, quantum effects, and excited electronic states; and novel states of electronic and magnetic order. Examples are taken from simple elemental molecules (e.g. homonuclear diatomics), simple heteronuclear species, hydrogen-bonded systems (including H2O), simple molecular mixtures, and s...

Effects of high pressure on molecules

High-pressure polymerized phases of C60

Polymeric forms of C60 are now well known, but numerous attempts to obtain C70 in a polymeric state have yielded only dimers. Polymeric C70 has now been synthesized by treatment of hexagonally packed C70 single crystals under moderate hydrostatic pressure (2 gigapascals) at elevated temperature (300°C), which confirms predictions from our modeling of polymeric structures of C70. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction shows that the molecules are bridged into polymeric zigzag chains that extend along the c axis of the parent structure. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman data provide evidence for covalent chemical bonding between the C70 cages.

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Topochemical Polymerization of C70 Controlled by Monomer Crystal Packing

The band structure, optical, photoelectric and transport properties of solids composed of fullerene molecules linked by van der Waals bonds or forming polymers are considered. Particular attention is concentrated on different polymerization mechanisms.

Electrical and optical properties of pristine and polymerized fullerenes

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Phase transformations in solid C60 at high-pressure-high-temperature treatment and the structure of 3D polymerized fullerites

Polymerization and phase diagram of solid C70 after high-pressure-high-temperature treatment

X-ray diffraction patterns, Raman spectra, and the hardness of C70 fullerite subjected to a high pressure with shear are investigated. It is shown that these conditions favor the phase transformation of molecular fullerite into the hard amorphous phase. The hardness of a specimen removed from a diamond anvil cell loaded up to 26 GPa under shear deformation applied is found to be equal to 30 GPa.

S.N. Sulyanov

Papers

Phase transformations in solid C60 at high-pressure-high-temperature treatment and the structure of 3D polymerized fullerites

Polymerization and phase diagram of solid C70 after high-pressure-high-temperature treatment

Mechanical, structural, and spectroscopic properties of C70 fullerite phases produced under high pressure and shear