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Wastewater Engineering Treatment Disposal And Reuse

Analysis of the contaminants released from municipal solid waste landfill site: A case study.

Environmentally friendly municipal solid waste management is the biggest problem facing several developing countries, including Ghana. Heavy metals pollution generated by landfill leachate has become increasingly concerned due to its potential impact on human health. This study assessed the pollution level and sources of heavy metal levels in groundwater, as well as evaluated the human health risk effect. The sampling technique and sample treatment were done based on the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results suggested that the mean concentration of Pb, Fe, Cd, and Cr was above the acceptable limits of the World Health Organization for drinking water except for Zn and Cu. The heavy pollution index indicates contamination, while hazard index values at sites BH1 and W4 were greater than one, suggesting adverse health effects. However, the heavy metal pollution index values were less than the critical limit of 100 for drinking water. Multivariate analysis predicted that lithogenic and anthropogenic factors were the possible sources of water pollution of heavy metal in the Oti community. Thus, multivariate statistical techniques could be a beneficial tool for the evaluation of possible sources of heavy metal contamination. The high levels of heavy metals found in the Oti community suggested a considerable pollution of water by leachate percolation from the landfill site. The findings of the study, which can be used in areas under similar environmental conditions, can offer a valuable benchmark for the design of suitable approaches to manage groundwater resources by both local and national policymakers.

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Heavy metal contamination assessment of groundwater quality: a case study of Oti landfill site, Kumasi

Sulfamethazine (SMZ) is an ionizable and highly mobile antibiotic which is frequently found in soil and water environments. We investigated the sorption of SMZ onto soils amended with biochars (BCs) at varying pH and contact time. Invasive plants were pyrolyzed at 700 °C and were further activated with 30 % sulfuric (SBBC) and oxalic (OBBC) acids. The sorption rate of SMZ onto SBBC and OBBC was pronouncedly pH dependent and was decreased significantly when the values of soil pH increased from 3 to 5. Modeled effective sorption coefficients (K D,eff) values indicated excellent sorption on SBBC-treated loamy sand and sandy loam soils for 229 and 183 L/kg, respectively. On the other hand, the low sorption values were determined for OBBC- and BBC700-treated loamy sand and sandy loam soils. Kinetic modeling demonstrated that the pseudo second order model was the best followed by intra-particle diffusion and the Elovich model, indicating that multiple processes govern SMZ sorption. These findings were also supported by sorption edge experiments based on BC characteristics. Chemisorption onto protonated and ligand containing functional groups of the BC surface, and diffusion in macro-, meso-, and micro-pores of the acid-activated BCs are the proposed mechanisms of SMZ retention in soils. Calculated and experimental q e (amount adsorbed per kg of the adsorbent at equilibrium) values were well fitted to the pseudo second order model, and the predicted maximum equilibrium concentration of SBBC for loamy sand soils was 182 mg/kg. Overall, SBBC represents a suitable soil amendment because of its high sorption rate of SMZ in soils.

Acid-activated biochar increased sulfamethazine retention in soils

Progress and prospects in mitigation of landfill leachate pollution: Risk, pollution potential, treatment and challenges

This study focuses on the characterization of leachate generated from Gohagoda dumpsite in Kandy, Sri Lanka, assessment of its spatial and temporal variations, and identification of subsurface canals and perched water bodies in the wetland system affected by the leachate flow. Leachate samples were collected monthly throughout dry and rainy seasons from different points of the leachate drainage channel over a period of 1 year and they were tested for quality parameters: pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved soils, alkalinity, hardness, total solids, volatile solids, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, phosphates, ammonium-nitrogen, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, total organic carbon and heavy metals. Sequential soil extraction procedures were performed for the characterization of leachate-affected local soil. A geophysical survey using direct current resistivity technique was conducted at locations downstream of the dumpsite. Leachate characteristics indicated that the leachate is in the methanogenic phase and the results strongly suggest that the leachate may be polluting the river where the leachate is discharged directly. Leachate exceeds the allowable limits of Sri Lankan wastewater discharge standards for many of the parameters. Significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed for most of organic and inorganic parameters among all sampling locations. Many parameters showed a negative correlation with pH. The affected soils showed high heavy metal concentrations. Resistivity study confirmed a confined leachate flow at the near surface with few subsurface canals. However, no separate subsurface plume movement was observed. The results of this research can effectively be used for the establishment of an efficient and effective treatment method for the Gohagoda landfill leachate.

Fate and transport of pollutants through a municipal solid waste landfill leachate in Sri Lanka

The use of nanoparticulate zero valent iron (NZVI) in the treatment of inorganic contaminants in landfill leachate and polluted plumes has been the subject of many studies, especially in temperate, developed countries. However, NZVI's potential for reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and treatment of metal ion mixtures has not been explored in detail. We investigated the efficiency of NZVI synthesized in the presence of starch, mercaptoacetic, mercaptosuccinic, or mercaptopropenoic acid for the reduction of COD, nutrients, and metal ions from landfill leachate in tropical Sri Lanka. Synthesized NZVI were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Of the samples tested, Starch-NZVI (S-NZVI) and mercaptoacetic-NZVI (MA-NZVI) performed well for treatment both COD and metal mixture. The removal percentages for COD, nitrate-nitrogen, and phosphate from S-NZVI were 50, 88, and 99 %, respectively. Heavy metal removal was higher in S-NZVI (>95 %) than others. MA-NZVI, its oxidation products, and functional groups of its coating showed the maximum removal amounts for both Cu (56.27 mg g(-1)) and Zn (28.38 mg g(-1)). All mercapto-NZVI showed well-stabilized nature under FTIR and XRD investigations. Therefore, we suggest mercapto acids as better agents to enhance the air stability for NZVI since chemically bonded thiol and carbonyl groups actively participation for stabilization process.

Organic-coated nanoparticulate zero valent iron for remediation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved metals from tropical landfill leachate.

This study was conducted to characterize the adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ by raw coconut husk (RCH) and humic acid–treated coconut husk (HACH). Grounded and sieved coconut husk (CH) from Sri Lanka was treated with humic acid to use as the adsorbent in laboratory experiments. Capacities of HACH and RCH for adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ at different pH, ionic strengths, initial metal concentrations, and contact times between adsorbent and adsorbate were measured. The effects of binary metal solution, anions, and cations on adsorptions of Cd2+ and Pb2+ by treated and nontreated CH in batch experiments were also examined. The surface characteristics of HACH and RCH were investigated by scanning electron micrography (SEM), X-ray energy dispersion analysis (EDAX), methylene blue (MB), and the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) methods to explain the results. Results showed that adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions by HACH was independent of pH and ionic strength. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cd2+ and P...

Adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) onto Humic Acid–Treated Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husk

Landfills are one of the most historical and ordinary methods of waste disposal and still remain in many parts of the world. Landfill leachate from open dumpsites has become a crucial environmental issue. Still, the predominant waste disposal method in many developing countries is open dumping, which leads to the generation of significant amounts of leachate mostly to nearby water bodies. Landfill leachate treatment is not an easy task, specifically because of its uniqueness depending on climate, culture, age of the dumpsite, and waste characteristics. Acetogenic leachate characteristics are extremely variable and difficult to predict. However, landfill leachate in the methanogenic phase possesses quite stable characteristics. Herein, we report qualitative and quantitative data on landfill leachate from different parts of the world and discuss the best management practices. In addition, we provide a case study on assessing the physiochemical characteristics of landfill leachate generated from a municipal solid waste dumpsite in Sri Lanka. Overall, landfill leachate poses a risk to the environment and effective leachate management is vital to avoid environmental deterioration.

Management of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate: A Global Environmental Issue

This study was conducted in order to understand the mechanism of Cd and Pb adsorption in aqueous solutions by raw and modified saw dust (SD) of Alstonia macrophylla. The biosorbent was characterized by Boehm titration, specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersion (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. SD was treated using organic acids and bases. Batch studies were conducted for raw and modified SD to determine the effect of initial concentration, pH, ionic strength, and contact time on metal adsorption. The specific surface area and total basic and acidic groups of SD were 77 m2/g and 1521 and 2312 μmol/g, respectively. The adsorption of both metals onto SD was pH dependent. No ionic strength dependency was observed in adsorption of Cd and Pb at pH >6, indicating inner sphere surface complexation. Monolayer adsorption is dominant in both metal sorptions by SD. Furthermore, there is no competition between metals on adsorption and raw SD was f...

S. S. R. M. D. H. R. Wijesekara

Papers

Fate and transport of pollutants through a municipal solid waste landfill leachate in Sri Lanka

Organic-coated nanoparticulate zero valent iron for remediation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved metals from tropical landfill leachate.

Adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) onto Humic Acid–Treated Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husk

Management of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate: A Global Environmental Issue

Characterization of Aqueous Pb(II) and Cd(II) Biosorption on Native and Chemically Modified Alstonia macrophylla Saw Dust