In this paper, a basic cell for low-power and/or low-voltage operation is identified. It is evidenced how different versions of this cell, coined as "flipped voltage follower (FVF)" have been used in the past for many applications. A detailed classification of basic topologies derived from the FVF is given. In addition, a comprehensive list of recently proposed low-voltage/low-power CMOS circuits based on the FVF is given. Although the paper has a tutorial taste, some new applications of the FVF are also presented and supported by a set of simulated and experimental results. Finally, a design example showing the application of the FVF to build systems based on translinear loops is described which shows the potential of this cell for the design of high-performance low-power/low-voltage analog and mixed-signal circuits.

The flipped voltage follower: a useful cell for low-voltage low-power circuit design

Analog signal processing is fast and can address real world problems. The applications of battery powered analog and mixed mode electronic devices require designing analog circuits to operate at low voltage levels. In this paper, some of the issues facing analog designers in implementing low voltage circuits are discussed, and possible low voltage design techniques are examined. The authors describe briefly almost all low voltage design techniques suitable for analog circuit structures along with their merits and demerits.

Low voltage analog circuit design techniques

Analogue IC Design: the Current Mode Approach

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In this paper a new basic cell for low-power and/or low-voltage operation is identified. It is shown that different versions of this cell, called "flipped voltage follower", have been used in the past for different applications. New circuits using this cell are also proposed here.

A novel current mirror (CM), suitable for operation at low voltage levels is presented. The mirror has high input and high output voltage swings. Adaptive current biasing is introduced for minimising the effects of offset current. A compensation technique has been used to increase the bandwidth. This makes the CM structure attractive for portable, high frequency circuit applications. P-SPICE simulations, based on models for 1.2 /spl mu/m technology, validate the operation of the proposed current mirror for currents from 1 to 500 /spl mu/A with 1.2 GHz bandwidth.

Low voltage, low power, high performance current mirror for portable analogue and mixed mode applications

Low voltage current mirror (LVCM) based on floating gate MOSFET (FGMOS) has been presented in this paper. The LVCM has output current range of 100 nA to 500 /spl mu/A, high output resistance (1.35 M/spl Omega/ at 500 /spl mu/A), high bandwidth (500 MHz) and low input compliance voltage (0.4 V at 20 /spl mu/A input current and 0.6 V at 300 /spl mu/A input current). The LVCM design has been verified using P-Spice for 0.5 /spl mu/m technology and the error in current transfer is observed to be less than /spl plusmn/0.1%. Simulations have also been carried out for p-type LVCM and bipolar LVCM.

FGMOS based wide range low voltage current mirror and its applications

A novel current mirror having high input and output voltage swing capability and which can operate at /spl plusmn/1.0 V supply, is proposed. PSPICE simulations confirm the input current range of 1 /spl mu/A to 500 /spl mu/A with 2 GHz bandwidth. Resistive and capacitive compensation are introduced to increase the bandwidth.

A high performance current mirror for low voltage designs

A novel current conveyor, which can be used for realization of current conveyors of different forms, is presented. The proposed current conveyors are capable of operating at supply of /spl plusmn/1.0 V with rail-to-rail input and output voltage swings. The proposed structure operates as linear circuit element and has a bandwidth of 60 MHz for 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The circuit has many applications and its applications as squaring and square rooter is given in this paper.

S. S. Rajput

Papers

Low voltage analog circuit design techniques

Low voltage, low power, high performance current mirror for portable analogue and mixed mode applications

FGMOS based wide range low voltage current mirror and its applications

A high performance current mirror for low voltage designs

Low voltage, low power, high performance current conveyors