I read this book the same weekend that the Packers took on the Rams, and the experience of the latter event, obviously, colored my judgment. Although I abhor anything that smacks of being a handbook (like, \"How to Earn a Merit Badge in Neurosurgery\") because too many volumes in biomedical science already evince a boyscout-like approach, I must confess that parts of this volume are fast, scholarly, and significant, with certain reservations. I like parts of this well-illustrated book because Dr. Sj6strand, without so stating, develops certain subjects on technique in relation to the acquisition of judgment and sophistication. And this is important! So, given that the author (like all of us) is somewhat deficient in some areas, and biased in others, the book is still valuable if the uninitiated reader swallows it in a general fashion, realizing full well that what will be required from the reader is a modulation to fit his vision, propreception, adaptation and response, and the kind of problem he is undertaking. A major deficiency of this book is revealed by comparison of its use of physics and of chemistry to provide understanding and background for the application of high resolution electron microscopy to problems in biology. Since the volume is keyed to high resolution electron microscopy, which is a sophisticated form of structural analysis, but really morphology in a modern guise, the physical and mechanical background of The instrument and its ancillary tools are simply and well presented. The potential use of chemical or cytochemical information as it relates to biological fine structure , however, is quite deficient. I wonder when even sophisticated morphol-ogists will consider fixation a reaction and not a technique; only then will the fundamentals become self-evident and predictable and this sine qua flon will become less mystical. Staining reactions (the most inadequate chapter) ought to be something more than a technique to selectively enhance contrast of morphological elements; it ought to give the structural addresses of some of the chemical residents of cell components. Is it pertinent that auto-radiography gets singled out for more complete coverage than other significant aspects of cytochemistry by a high resolution microscopist, when it has a built-in minimal error of 1,000 A in standard practice? I don't mean to blind-side (in strict football terminology) Dr. Sj6strand's efforts for what is \"routinely used in our laboratory\"; what is done is usually well done. It's just that …

Methods in Enzymology.

The role of probiotics in aquaculture

Quorum sensing inhibitors: an overview.

The growth of aquaculture as an industry has accelerated over the past decades; this has resulted in environmental damages and low productivity of various crops. The need for increased disease resistance, growth of aquatic organisms, and feed efficiency has brought about the use of probiotics in aquaculture practices. The first application of probiotics occurred in 1986, to test their ability to increase growth of hydrobionts (organisms that live in water). Later, probiotics were used to improve water quality and control of bacterial infections. Nowadays, there is documented evidence that probiotics can improve the digestibility of nutrients, increase tolerance to stress, and encourage reproduction. Currently, there are commercial probiotic products prepared from various bacterial species such as Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Carnobacterium sp., and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae among others, and their use is regulated by careful management recommendations. The present paper shows the current knowledge of the use of probiotics in aquaculture, its antecedents, and safety measures to be carried out and discusses the prospects for study in this field.

/pdf/use-of-probiotics-in-aquaculture-1zbaobm7jj.pdf

Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture

Probiotics in aquaculture: Challenges and outlook

http://www.raisaquaculture.net/uploads/media/aquaculture.pdf

The effect of Bacillus spp. bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth, some immune responses and gut lactic acid bacteria of common carp. Four experimental diets containing 0%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% MOS were prepared. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of approximately 14 g. After eight weeks, survival rate was high in all treatments with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Growth performance including final weight, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) did not differ among the treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better when the fish were fed 0.05 to 0.20% MOS diets. The alternative complement activity, lysozyme activity and serum total Ig were found to be significantly (p 0.05), the lactic acid bacteria levels were significantly elevated in fish fed MOS diets (p < 0.05). These results indicated that oral administration of MOS at 0.20% elevated the immune response, improved FCR and modulated intestinal microbiota of common carp.

http://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_14311_99e3a7670bf4dfd61e9a4a3c336d0bda.pdf

Effects of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on growth, some immune responses and gut lactic acid bacteria of common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) fingerlings.

Effects of different levels of Biomin ® IMBO synbiotic, including Enterococcus faecium (as probio- tic), and fructooligosaccharides (as prebiotic) on survival, growth performance, and digestive enzyme activities of common carp fingerlings ( Cyprinus carpio) were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in four treat - ments (each with 3 replicates), including T1 = control with non-synbiotic diet, T2 = 0.5 g/kg synbiotic diet, T3 = 1 g/kg synbiotic diet, and T4 = 1.5 g/kg synbiotic diet. In total 300 fish with an average weight of 10 ± 1 g were distributed in 12 tanks (25 animals per 300 l) and were fed experimental diets over a period of 60 days. The results showed that synbiotic could significantly enhance growth parameters (weight gain, length gain, specific growth rate, percentage weight gain) ( P 0.05) compared with the control. An assay of the digestive enzyme activities demonstrated that the trypsin and chymotrypsin activities of synbiotic groups were considerably increased than those in the control ( P 0.05). This study indicated that different levels of synbiotic have the capability to enhance probiotic substitution, to improve digestive enzyme activity which leads to digestive system efficiency, and finally to increase growth. It seems that the studied synbiotic could serve as a good diet supplement for common carp cultures.

/pdf/effect-of-synbiotic-dietary-supplementation-on-survival-55qalnbine.pdf

Effect of synbiotic dietary supplementation on survival, growth performance, and digestive enzyme activities of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of enriched Artemia with selenium nanoparticles on growth and survival indices and biochemical factors in Poecilia reticulata larvae over a six-week period. Guppy fish larvae with a mean weight of 33.55 mg in three treatments and one control group (each with three replicates) were fed with Artemia franciscana enriched with 5, 10, and 50 mg/L selenium nanoparticles. In terms of growth indices, significant differences were observed among treatments in length increment, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate (P 0.05). Regarding biochemical factors, significant differences were observed between treatments. As in Artemia - fed treatments enriched with 5 and 10 mg of selenium nanoparticles (treatment 1 and 2) the lowest and in the treatment fed with Artemia - enriched 50 mg nanoparticles (Treatment 3) showed the highest levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase. The highest total protein content was observed in treatment 2, which was significantly different from other treatments (P <0.05). Overall, if the goal of using selenium-enriched Artemia in fish larval diet is to increase survival and growth rate and improve biochemical indices, the use of selenium nanoparticles of 5 and 10 mg/l is appropriate for enriching Artemia to feed fish larvae.

https://jifro.areeo.ac.ir/article_122554_3ede483c345de2b9019781e4b69d14f2.pdf

Effects of enriched artemia with selenium nanoparticles on growth, survival and biochemical factors of guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

Aquaculture industry especially shrimp farming in Iran and other parts of the world has been facing various disease that among various agents, pathogenic bacteria has emerged as important because it causes large economic losses to the shrimp farming industry. This study investigated the antagonistic properties of copper nanoparticles (34 mg/L), probiotic Bacillus subtilis (10 CFU/mL), and combination of these two against with pathogenic bacteria, luminescent Vibrio harveyi in vitro condition in order to investigate possible use of probiotic B. subtilis and copper nanoparticles in the diet for growth and immunity enhancement in Litopenaeus vannamei. This study reports that in Well diffusion test and Disc diffusion test against pathogenic bacteria luminescent V. harveyi maximum inhibition showed by combination of suspension of probiotic B. subtilis and copper nanoparticles the amount of (W = 22.54±1.72 and D = 16.37±2.9) whereas minimum inhibition was copper nanoparticles the amount of (W & D = 0). Results indicated the possible synchronic use of probiotic B. subtilis and copper nanoparticles in shrimp diet.

S. Ziaei-Nejad

Papers

The effect of Bacillus spp. bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus

Effects of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on growth, some immune responses and gut lactic acid bacteria of common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) fingerlings.

Effect of synbiotic dietary supplementation on survival, growth performance, and digestive enzyme activities of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings

Effects of enriched artemia with selenium nanoparticles on growth, survival and biochemical factors of guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

In vitro antagonistic properties of copper nanoparticles and probiotic Bacillus subtilis against pathogenic luminescent Vibrio harveyi.