Abstract The degradation of several Asian bamboo species by white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi was investigated under laboratory conditions by means of different test methods. Severe deterioration was caused by all three fungi types. The bamboo species differed in durability. Samples from 6 months young culms decayed more than older ones. There were no significant differences between 1- and 3-year-old culms. Samples taken from the culm top were more vulnerable to decay than those from the bottom. Wet bamboo samples with soil contact were especially degraded by the white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, whereas the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana produced the greatest mass loss in drier samples. The sealing of bamboo crosscut ends reduced the rate of decay.

Fungal degradation of bamboo samples

Im folgenden sind vielfach nicht Publikationen als solche, sondern nur ihre Abschnitte, die sich auf das Thema „Morphologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Zelle“ beziehen, referiert.

Morphologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Zelle

The durability of five bamboo species from various origin against brown-, white- and soft-rot fungi was investigated in Kolle flasks in accordance with the European standards EN 350-1, EN 350-2 and EN 113. Considerable variability exists in the durability of the bamboo species. Guadua angustifolia was rather resistant to Trametes versicolor and Dendrocalamus asper against Chaetomium globosum. Among the brown-rot fungi, the four strains of Coniophora puteana and two strains of Gloeophyllum trabeum produced low mass loss (maximum 2.9 %). Of the white-rot fungi, T. versicolor yielded the highest decay (max. 15.3 %), whereas Schizophyllum commune was rather inactive (max. 3.2 %). Of the soft-rot fungi, Ch. globosum showed medium degradation (max. 9.6 %) and Paecilomyces variotii low decay (max. 3.1 %).

Durability test of bamboo against fungi according to EN standards

Diversification and reticulation in the circumboreal fern genus Cryptogramma.

Proterospores are formed exclusively at the beginning of the sporulation period and independently of abiotic factors. They differ both morphologically and physiologically from other spores developed later by the same fruit-body. As seen inGanoderma, proterospores germinate readily, whereas other spores must first pass through a fly larva gut. These proterospores are therefore well adapted to dispersal by air, the other spores, however, to dispersal by animals. In this respect, ontogenesis appears to recapitulate phylogeny. A comparative study of proterospores should further clarify systematic relationships within the fungi.

Die Bedeutung der Proterosporen: Schlußfolgerungen aus Untersuchungen anGanoderma (Basidiomycetes)

In this country Meruliu8 similis B. & B~., an interesting member of Hymenomycetes grows in association with bamboo clumps. At first it has been recorded to grow on an unidentified wood (BEI~KEL~u and Bt~ooM~, 1875) but later its occurrence only at the bases of bamboo stumps has been reported by several workers (PE~c~, 1910; Bos~, 1921; BA:~ERJEE and BAKSKI, 1945). As such Bambusa bambos DRVOE can so far be assigned as its singular host species. The distribution of the fungus also appears to be very limited. I t has been reported from Portuguese Guinea, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon and India suggesting its distribution only in the tropical countries. The highest altitude from which it has been collected is almost 3281' above the sea level. In Bengal, its large, soft, fleshy and resupinate to effuso-reflexed fruit bodies with oehreaeeous hymenial surface are abundantly formed during the rainy seasons (July-September) but abruptly disappear at the end of the season. This short span of life' of fructification seems peculiar when contrasted with several other commonly occurring persistent wood-rotting fungi. The high moisture-content of the fruit-body, its soft fleshy nature, its occurrence in damp situations, its absence in higher altitudinal areas, its sudden appearance at the onset of monsoon and eventual disappearance after a brief period of existence, seem to indicate its definite relationship with environmental conditions, particularly temperature and rainfall. The identical conditions of average

A study onMerulius similis B. & BR. and the associated bamboo-rot

With a view to s tudy the nuclear behaviour in the different stages of the life-cycle of Trametes lactinea BERK., a wood-rotting member of Polyporaceae, an investigation has been undertaken and the present paper forms a part of the series already started by BANEg~E and his co-workers (1955, 1956, 1960) in this laboratory. I t has already been pointed out in previous publications that karyological studies on members of Po]yporaceae so far are very limited as will be evident from the admirable survey of the works done in this direction in recent years by OLIVE (1953). Such studies among the Hymenomycetes have assumed a particular interest due to the presence of a number of phases in the life-cycles in this group of fungi. Further, these studies have increasingly become indispensible for understanding the true nature of sexuality present among them.

Contribution to the cytology of Hymenomycetes V. Karyological observations inTrametes lactinea Berk.

1. In this paper information regarding the various spore-forms ofGanoderma lucidum has been presented.

Spore-forms in sporophores ofGanoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst

SUMMARY1. The karyological phenomena in the life-cycle of Fomes lividus Kalchbr., a resupinate member of the family Polyporaceae has been studied in detail.2. The young basidium is distinctly binucleate. This dikaryotic condition comes to an end with their fusion to form a synkaryon. The synkaryon first undergoes an interphasic enlargement followed by the appearance of chromatic materials as reticulate structure. Subsequently, from the reticulum typical chromosomes (2 n = 6) are formed. A haploid chromosome set constituting a genome (n = 3) forms a daughter nucleus at each pole. The orientation of the spindle of the first division of meiosis (heterotypic) is more or less transverse while in the second division (homotypic) it shows irregularities. A third nuclear division occurs forming the eight nucleate condition of the basidium. Four of these eight nuclei migrate into four developing basidiospores while the other four degenerate in the collapsing basidium. The nucleus within the basidiospore often divid...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00087114.1966.10796207

Contribution to the Cytology of Hymenomycetes. VII. Karyological Studies in Fomes Lividus Kalchbr

A hitherto unreported destructive oak canker in Scotland and its causal organism, Stereum rugosum, have been studied and described from Dawyck, Peebleshire. The cankers, which have been found on trunks of trees about 50–60 years old growing in a damp and shady situation, are mostly open with a depressed to hollow centre which is surrounded by a prominent callus ridge and are often laterally extended. The fructifications of S. rugosum have been found at the edge or near the centre on the surface of the dead bark, usually around the stub of a dead branch. Microscopic characters of the rot are fully described and chemical changes in the wood during the process of decay have been examined. S. rugosum has been obtained in pure culture from areas of both advanced and incipient decay and also from spores. It can be easily identified in culture by its characteristic dense, white, cotton-woolly to felty mycelium, rapid growth and distinctive buff or pinkish buff colour of the mat with age. Inoculations, made on the wounded bark on the trunk of healthy oak tree employing mycelium as the inoculum, were positive. Laboratory studies showed S. rugosum to be able to attack sapwood much more readily than heartwood.

Sachindranath Banerjee

Papers

A study onMerulius similis B. & BR. and the associated bamboo-rot

Contribution to the cytology of Hymenomycetes V. Karyological observations inTrametes lactinea Berk.

Spore-forms in sporophores ofGanoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst

Contribution to the Cytology of Hymenomycetes. VII. Karyological Studies in Fomes Lividus Kalchbr

An oak (Quercus robur L.) canker caused by Stereum rugosum (Pers.) Fr.