자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Postpositivism and the Naturalist Paradigm," pp. 14-46 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*

Resilience and mental health.

Student nurses perceptions of spirituality and competence in delivering spiritual care: a European pilot study.

Aims and objectives
To provide an opportunity for members to express their understandings of spirituality and spiritual care.

Background
The role and place of spirituality within nursing have been contested by academics and wider society. One argument posited is supporting patients with their spiritual needs is not the responsibility of nurses. This is despite a clear professional requirement for nurses to achieve competence in the delivery of spiritual care.

Design
The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) conducted an online survey of its membership to ascertain their perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care identifying current practice.

Methods
This article presents the findings from the final part of the survey that asked respondents to use a free-text facility to add comments on the subjects of spirituality and spiritual care.

Results
Overall, 4054 RCN members responded, of these 2327 provided additional comments. These comments were analysed using keyword and content/thematic analysis. Five broad themes emerged: (1) theoretical and conceptual understanding of spirituality, (2) fundamental aspects of nursing, (3) notion of integration and integrated care, (4) education and professional development and (5) religious belief and professional practice. Findings suggest that nurses have diverse understandings of spirituality and the majority consider spirituality to be an integral and fundamental element of the nurses' role.

Conclusion
Generally, nurses had a broad, inclusive understanding of spirituality considering this to be ‘universal’. There was some uncertainty and fear surrounding the boundaries between personal belief and professional practice. Respondents advocated formal integration of spirituality within programmes of nurse education.

Relevance to clinical nursing
The concept of spirituality and the provision of spiritual care are now recognised as fundamental aspects of the nurse's role. There is a need for greater clarity between personal and professional boundaries to enable nurses to feel more confident and competent in delivering spiritual care.

The qualitative findings from an online survey investigating nurses' perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care

Spirituality is a subjective and multi-dimensional concept. The ambiguity in its meaning can create barriers in its application in both education and medicine. The present study aimed to explore the Iranian cancer patients’ perception of spirituality. A qualitative study, using the content analysis approach, was conducted. Semi-structured interviews were held with 11 cancer patients and six members of their families in one of Tehran’s hospitals and a charity institute. The data generated were transcribed verbatim and content analysis approach was used for data reduction, naming data, obtaining analytical code and determining categories and themes. Three themes (and seven sub-themes) emerged from the data analysis: 1) God as the spiritual truth (relationship with God and trust in God), 2) Moralities as a spiritual sign (considering personal and social moral codes) and 3) Spiritual resources as the source of hope (religious, personal and social resources). Overall, in the view of cancer patients, spirituality can be defined in a religious context. However, some of them believe in morality beside religiosity, so health care staff must pay due attention to these aspects, to provide them with the opportunity to use spiritual resources.

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Iranian cancer patients’ perception of spirituality: a qualitative content analysis study

Validation and reliability test of Persian version of The Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS)

Validation and reliability test of Persian version of The Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS).

هدف: دراین پژوهش، کیفیت زندگی و ابعاد تشکیل دهنده آن در سالمندان مقیم خانواده و سراهای خـصوصی و
دولتی شهر تهران مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر در چارچوب مطالعه مقطعی از نوع تحلیلی انجام یافت. برای این منظـور تعـداد 96
سالمند در سه گروه سالمند مقیم خانواده، سالمند مقیم سرای سالمندان خصوصی و سـرای سـالمندان دولتـی در
شهر تهران با توجه به معیارهای پژوهش به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای جمـعآوری اطلاعـات از پرسـشنامه
مشخصات دموگرافیک و پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی لیپاد استفاده شد. به منظور تجزیه تحلیل اطلاعـات حاصـله از
آمونهای کولموگروف ـ اسمیرنوف، آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه، آزمون تی، آزمون کروسکال والیس و آزمون کای دو
استفاده شد.
یافتهها: نمره کیفیت زندگی سالمندان مقیم خـانواده (57/65 (بـالاتر از کیفیـت زنـدگی سـالمندان مقـیم سـرای
سالمندان دولتی(30/51 (و خصوصی(64/50 (بود. نمره ابعاد عملکرد جسمی، اجتماعی و رضـایت از زنـدگی و
نیز مراقبت از خود، سالمندان مقیم خانواده با سالمندان سرای سالمندان اخـتلاف آمـاری معنـاداری نـشان دادنـد
(05/0<p .(بین کیفیت زندگی سـالمندان سـرای دولتـی و خـصوصی و نیـز کیفیـت زنـدگی مـردان و زنـان در
واحدهای مورد مطالعه اختلاف معناداری مشاهده نشد.
نتیجهگیری: سالمندان مقیم خانواده دارای کیفیت زندگی مطلوبتری نسبت به سالمندان مقـیم سـرای سـالمندان
خصوصی و دولتی در ابعاد عملکرد جسمی، اجتماعی و رضایت از زندگی بودند.

Comparison of Elderlys "Quality of Life" Living at Homes and in Private or Public Nursing Homes

Background and aim:  Type II diabetes, can be controlled by medical treatment and self care behaviors, however the patients often fail to comply with self care behaviors. Concerning the role of family in supporting patients’ self care behaviors, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of a family –centered education of self care behaviors based on family- centered empowerment model on patients with type II diabetes.Methods and materials:  The quasi-experimental design carried out on 40 patients with type II diabeteswho were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The education of self care behaviors in four domains (nutrition, physical activity and exercise, medications, complications and foot care) for intervention group and their families was performed. Data were collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire. The scores of self care behaviors before and after the education were measured. Data were analyzed by the SPSS16 software. Findings:  Prior to education, there was no significant difference between self-care behaviors scores in both intervention and control groups (p>0/05). After education, self-care behaviors of the intervention group in total scores and also in all domains were increased and statistically were significant (p <0/05), while there was no significant change in the control group.Conclusion:  The findings showed that this education method improved self -care behaviors among patients with type II diabetes. These results can be used in the other chronic diseases and different levels of nursing care.Keywords: Education, family-centered empowerment model, diabetes, self-care REFERENCES Alhany F (2004). [ Design and evaluation of family- centered empowerment model for prevention of iron   deficiency], Ph. D Thesis in Nursing. Univercity of Tarbiat Modares, 2004. (Persian). American Diabetes Association(2004). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care.       27(1)5-10. Atak N, Kose k, GurkanT(2008). The impact of patient education on diabetes empowerment scale (DES) and diabetes attitude scale(DAS-3) in patients with type 2 Diabete. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 38 (1) 49-57.   Ayele K, Tesfa B,et al (2012). Self care behavior among patients with diabetes in Harari, Eastern Ethiopia: The health belief model perspective. Public Library of Science One. 7(4) 1-6.   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1-12.   Ding CH, Teng CL, Koh CN(2006). Knowledge of diabetes mellitus among diabetic and non-diabetic patients in Klinik Kesihatan Seremban. The Medical journal of Malaysia. 61(4) 399-404.   Farsi Z, et al(2009). [Application of health belief model in change of self care behaviors of diabetic patients].     Iran Journal of Nursing . 22(61)61-72(persian). Funnell MM, Anderson R. M(2004). Empowerment and self management of diabetes.     Clinical diabetes . 23(3) 123-7. Gallegos EC, Ovalle-Berumen F, Gomez-Meza MV(2006). Metabolic control of adults with type 2 diabetes    mellitus through education and counseling.Journal of Nursing Scholarship. (4) 344-51.Garcia-Huidobro D, et al(2011). Family intervention to control type 2 diabetes: a controlled clinical trial.  Family Practice. 28 (1)4-11.Hamadzadeh S,et al(2013) [Coping styles and self care behaviors among diabetic patients].  Iran Journal of Nursing. 25 (80) 24-33. (persian).Harvey JN, Lawson VL(2008). The importance of health belief models in determining self-care behavior in diabetes.  Diabetic Medicine. 26(1)5-13.Helgeson VS, Becker D, Mellon C(2008). Parent and adolescent distribution of responsibility for diabetes self care: links to health out comes.  Pediatric psychology. 33(5)497-508.Heydari SH, et al (2009). [ Research in Nursing]. 1rst edition. Tehran, Nursing Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran publication (Persian). Jafarian N, Heydari A(2000). [The role of health belifes in the adoption insulin in diabetic patients attending the diabetes reaserch center of Hamadan].  Scientific Journal of HamadanUniversity of Medical Science. 7(4) 54-59(persian).Kang CM, et al(2010) Comparison of family partnership intervention care vs. conventional care in adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in a community hospital: a randomized controlled trial.  International journal of nursing studies. 47(11): 1363-73.Keogh KM, et al(2007) changing illness perceptions in patient with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, a randomised control trial of a family – based intervention: protocol and pilot study.  BioMed Central Family Practice. 8(36)1-10. Koshyar H(2009). [Nursing Theory and Theorists]. 1rst edition. Tehran, Andishe Rafi publication. (Persian).MalekGavgani R, Poursharifi H, AliasgarzadehA(2010). Effectiveness of information-motivation andbehavioral skill (IMB) model in improving self-care behaviors & Hba1c measure in adults with type2 diabetes in Iran-Tabriz. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 5: 1868–1873.Mardani Hamuleh M, Shshraki Vahed A(2010). [ Effect of education based on health belife model on adherence to the diabetic diet].  Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorder. 9(4): 268-275. (Persian).Masoudi R,et al(2010) [The effect of family centerd empowerment model on the quality of life in erderly people]. Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 14(1) 57-64. Osborn CY, Fisher JD(2008). Diabetes education: integrating theory, cultural considerations and individually tailored content.  Clinical Diabetes. 26(4) 148-50Otero LM, Zanetti ML, OgrizioMD(2008). Knowledge of diabetic patients about their disease before and after implementing a diabetes education program.  Revista Latino-America de Enfermagem. 16(2): 231-7.Schoen berg NE,et al(2008). Diabetes self care among a multiethnic sample of older adults.  Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology. 23(4) 361-76.Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ(2010). Global estimate of the prervalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030.  Diabet Reaserch and Clinical Practice. 87(1) 4-14.Shirazi M, Anoosheh M, Rajab A(2011). [The effect of self care program education by group discussion method on self concept in diabetic adolescent girls reffered to Iranian Diabetes Society]. Iran Journal of Nursing Research. 6(22) 40-52.(persian. ( Tang TS, et al (2010). Self-management support in “real-world” settings: An empowerment-based intervention. Patient Education and Counseling. 79(2) 178–184. Teufel-Shone N, Drummond R, Rawiel U(2005). Developing and adapting a family-based diabetes program at the U. S. -Mexico border.  Preventing Chronic Disease. 1(2) 1-9.Tolouei M, et al(2006). [Motivational factors of nurses in the education of patients].  Hayat. 12(2) 43-51. (persian).Vahedian- Azimi A(2009). 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The effect of education of self care behaviors based on family-centered empowerment model in type II diabetes

Context: Considering the stressful conditions of life and social difficulties, an important question is why are some people can show positive adaptation and avoid mental health disorders, while others cannot? The present study aimed at reviewing the national studies on the correlation between resilience and mental health. Evidence Acquisition: In this systematic review, all national articles published in international and national databases were searched without restrictions, using the following keywords: "Resilience OR Resiliency" AND "Mental health" OR "General Health" and their combinations. The Persian equivalents of these words were also used in Persian language sites. Finally, based on PRISMA guidelines, 15 studies were selected. The results of these studies were combined using the random effects model of meta-analysis. Results: In the present research, 16 correlation studies were examined without time limits, and with a sample size of 3157. Overall, a positive correlation was found between resilience and mental health in the national studies (r = 0.48). The results showed that the correlation between resilience and mental health was lower in the population of school and university students than among other populations (r = 0.39, compared to r = 0.54). The analysis based on geographical division indicated that the highest correlation between resilience and mental health existed in the fifth area (r = 0.83), and the lowest correlation was found in the fourth area (r = 0.35). Conclusions: By providing cognitive, behavioral and emotional responses in stressful situations, resilience can maintain and improve mental health.

Sadat Seyed Bagher Maddah

Papers

Iranian cancer patients’ perception of spirituality: a qualitative content analysis study

Validation and reliability test of Persian version of The Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS).

Comparison of Elderlys "Quality of Life" Living at Homes and in Private or Public Nursing Homes

The effect of education of self care behaviors based on family-centered empowerment model in type II diabetes

The Relationship Between Mental Health and Resilience: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis