The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

Regional approach to modeling the transport of floating plastic debris in the Adriatic Sea.

Visual ship transect surveys provide crucial information about the density, and spatial distribution of floating anthropogenic litter in a basin. However, such observations provide a 'snapshot' of local conditions at a given time and cannot be used to deduce the provenance of the litter or to predict its fate, crucial information for management and mitigation policies. Particle tracking techniques have seen extensive use in these roles, however, most previous studies have used simplistic initial conditions based on bulk average inputs of debris to the system. Here, observations of floating anthropogenic macro debris in the Adriatic Sea are used to define initial conditions (number of particles, location, and time) in a Lagrangian particle tracking model. Particles are advected backward and forward in time for 60 days (120 days total) using surface velocities from an operational regional ocean model. Sources and sinks for debris observed in the central and southern Adriatic in May 2013 and March 2015 included the Italian coastline from Pescara to Brindisi, the Croatian island of Mljet, and the coastline from Dubrovnik through Montenegro to Albania. Debris observed in the northern Adriatic originated from the Istrian peninsula to the Italian city of Termoli, as well as the Croatian island of Cres and the Kornati archipelago. Particles spent a total of roughly 47 days afloat. Coastal currents, notably the eastern and western Adriatic currents, resulted in large alongshore displacements. Our results indicate that anthropogenic macro debris originates largely from coastal sources near population centers and is advected by the cyclonic surface circulation until it strands on the southwest (Italian) coast, exits the Adriatic, or recirculates in the southern gyre.

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Combining Litter Observations with a Regional Ocean Model to Identify Sources and Sinks of Floating Debris in a Semi-enclosed Basin: The Adriatic Sea

Diversity and regional distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe.

Observed and modeled surface Lagrangian transport between coastal regions in the Adriatic Sea with implications for marine protected areas

This paper describes the near-surface transport properties and Lagrangian statistics in the Adriatic semi-enclosed basin using synthetic drifters. Lagrangian transport models were used to simulate synthetic trajectories from the mean flow fields obtained by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm), implemented in the Adriatic from October 2006 until December 2008. In particular, the surface circulation properties in two contrasting years (2007 had a mild winter and cold fall, while 2008 had a normal winter and hot summer) are compared here. In addition, the Lagrangian statistics for the entire Adriatic Basin after removing the Eulerian mean circulation for numerical particles were calculated. The results indicate that the numerical particles were slower in this simulation when compared with the real drifters. This is because of the reduced energetic flow field generated by the MIT general circulation model during the selected years. The numerical results showed that the balanced effects of the wind-driven recirculation in the northernmost area(which would be a sea response to the Bora wind field) and the Po River discharge cause the residence times to be similar during the two selected years (182 and 185 days in 2007 and 2008, respectively). Furthermore, the mean angular momentum, diffusivity, and Lagrangian velocity covariance values are smaller than in the real drifter observations, while the maximum Lagrangian integral time scale is the same.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/8/9/681/pdf

Near-Surface Transport Properties and Lagrangian Statistics during Two Contrasting Years in the Adriatic Sea

This paper describes the work in progress in the XERIC project, funded within the Horizon 2020 EU program, which is aimed at building and testing a new climate-control system. The latter integrates a vapour compression cycle with a liquid desiccant cycle to increase Battery Electric Vehicles autonomy thanks to its increased energy efficiency. The modeling activity carried out on the design of an innovative Three-Fluids Combined Membrane Contactor (3F-CMC) and on the development of a lumped-parameters model to predict the 3F-CMC performance is described. The physical assumptions considered in the lumped-parameters model are presented. Results of 2D and 3D numerical heat and mass transfer simulations are used to get input data for the lumped code. The effect of air spacer design on the overall component performance is presented.

New climate-control units for more energy-efficient Electric Vehicles: The innovative Three-Fluids Combined Membrane Contactor

Analysis of mixing structures in the Adriatic Sea using finite-size Lyapunov exponents

In the present work we implement and employ Lagrangian transport models for basin scale circulation, with a particular focus on the Adriatic Sea in order to analyze and estimate the Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) fields, the Mean Kinetic Energy and the Eddy Kinetic Energy of the flow We compare FTLE fields obtained for two different years as sample cases (2007 with mild Winter and cold Autumn, 2008 with normal Winter and hot Summer) to study the superficial flow properties Results obtained for FTLE maps and MKE show the effects on general circulation triggered by wind forcing and by the Po River outflow, on the value of transit and residence time of numerical particles in the Adriatic Sea

Comparison of Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent and Mean Flow Energy during two contrasting years in the Adriatic Sea

The main objective was to study relationships between the regional biogeography of Dinophysis species and water masses circulation along the European Atlantic coast. Hydrodynamic connectivities were estimated with a Lagrangian approach. Available and validated physical hindcasts from regional hydrodynamical models, with different resolutions were used. The target area is the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic) and connectivity was evaluated between a set of spatially distributed stations and during temporally specified periods. Different indexes related to connectivity properties such as mean, median, most frequent transit times were calculated. To illustrate the dispersion pattern, a molecular approach was jointly set-up to describe the species composition of this genus. At the seasonal scale, a high connectivity within the Bay of Biscay was observed with a slight northward connectivity from Galicia coastal waters to the Shelf of the Bay of Biscay. By comparison to the connectivity between shelf waters of French Brittany and English Channel waters, a higher connectivity between shelf waters of French Brittany and the Celtic Sea shelf was observed. The species mixing in the Bay of Biscay from Galicia waters to the Celtic Sea was confirmed by the genetic analyses despite the absence of Dinophysis sacculus in natural samples. The molecular methodology developed for this work, permitting at least the description of the species composition, also highlights, at the European scale, an unexpected low genetic variability which echoes the complex taxonomic classification inside the genus and the difficulties encountered by national monitoring programs to reach a taxonomic resolution at species level. It is now necessary to start some monitoring at the species level before realizing mid- or long-term forecasts.

Saeed Hariri

Papers

Near-Surface Transport Properties and Lagrangian Statistics during Two Contrasting Years in the Adriatic Sea

New climate-control units for more energy-efficient Electric Vehicles: The innovative Three-Fluids Combined Membrane Contactor

Analysis of mixing structures in the Adriatic Sea using finite-size Lyapunov exponents

Comparison of Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent and Mean Flow Energy during two contrasting years in the Adriatic Sea

Advection and Composition of Dinophysis spp. Populations Along the European Atlantic Shelf