Conventional methods for carrying out carbon–hydrogen functionalization and carbon–nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon–hydrogen functionalization and carbon–nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.

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Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation.

Arylated products are found in various fields of chemistry and represent essential entities for many applications. Therefore, the formation of this structural feature represents a central issue of contemporary organic synthesis. By the action of electricity the necessity of leaving groups, metal catalysts, stoichiometric oxidizers, or reducing agents can be omitted in part or even completely. The replacement of conventional reagents by sustainable electricity not only will be environmentally benign but also allows significant short cuts in electrochemical synthesis. In addition, this methodology can be considered as inherently safe. The current survey is organized in cathodic and anodic conversions as well as by the number of leaving groups being involved. In some electroconversions the reagents used are regenerated at the electrode, whereas in other electrotransformations free radical sequences are exploited to afford a highly sustainable process. The electrochemical formation of the aryl–substrate bond ...

Electrochemical Arylation Reaction.

Cleaner production of biodiesel from novel non-edible seed oil (Carthamus lanatus L.) via highly reactive and recyclable green nano CoWO3@rGO composite in context of green energy adaptation

Biodiesel is eco-friendly, less toxic and one of the most researched biofuels in recent years to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and minimize emissions. The various problems associated with batch-type reactors are longer residence time, higher operating costs, and energy consumption with low production efficiency. Researchers are now focusing on continuous flow biodiesel production techniques to overcome problems in batch reactors. This paper highlights various reactors used in continuous flow biodiesel synthesis, catalyst mechanism, hybrid reactors technique and separation methods. Various continuous flow reactors used in biodiesel production have been discussed and the microreactor was intensively elaborated. Compared to traditional reactors, microreactor technology exhibits higher efficiency, improved mixing, high heat and mass transfer rates due to a high surface-area-to-volume ratio and short diffusion distance. The parameters that influence the liquid-liquid phase flow patterns in the microreactors include mixer type, channel size, internal configuration reaction time, reaction temperature, and alcohol to oil ratio. Post-treatment techniques help to improve the quality of the biodiesel and utilization of by-products has been discussed. The limitations and practical implications prevailing in the microreactors help improve the reactor techniques forward in large-scale production. Finally, the review addresses future directions in bridging the gap in current research on microreactors for better yield and high biodiesel quality.

A critical review of recent advancements in continuous flow reactors and prominent integrated microreactors for biodiesel production

Biodiesel is eco-friendly, less toxic and one of the most researched biofuels in recent years to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and minimize emissions. The various problems associated with batch-type reactors are longer residence time, higher operating costs, and energy consumption with low production efficiency. Researchers are now focusing on continuous flow biodiesel production techniques to overcome problems in batch reactors. This paper highlights various reactors used in continuous flow biodiesel synthesis, catalyst mechanism, hybrid reactors technique and separation methods. Various continuous flow reactors used in biodiesel production have been discussed and the microreactor was intensively elaborated. Compared to traditional reactors, microreactor technology exhibits higher efficiency, improved mixing, high heat and mass transfer rates due to a high surface-area-to-volume ratio and short diffusion distance. The parameters that influence the liquid-liquid phase flow patterns in the microreactors include mixer type, channel size, internal configuration reaction time, reaction temperature, and alcohol to oil ratio. Post-treatment techniques help to improve the quality of the biodiesel and utilization of by-products has been discussed. The limitations and practical implications prevailing in the microreactors help improve the reactor techniques forward in large-scale production. Finally, the review addresses future directions in bridging the gap in current research on microreactors for better yield and high biodiesel quality. 

Biodiesel production from wild mustard (Sinapis Arvensis) seed oil using a novel heterogeneous catalyst of LaTiO3 nanoparticles

A green method for the synthesis of new organosulfur derivatives of N,N′-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (2a–e) based on the Michael reaction of electrochemically generated N,N′-diphenyl-p-quinonediimine with 2-mercaptopyridine, 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol, 1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol, 2-mercaptobenzoxazole and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole as nucleophiles in a water/ethanol (25/75, v/v) mixture is described. The thioethers (2a–e) were synthesized in high yields, without toxic reagents and solvents at a carbon electrode using an environmentally friendly method with high atom economy.

A green electrochemical method for the synthesis of new N,N′-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine derivatives

Delivery of tioguanine anticancer drug by Fe-doped fullerene cage: DFT evaluation of electronic and structural features

The electrochemical functionalization of N,N′-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine with mercaptohetaromatics as electrophiles under the formation of thioethers is described.

Saeideh Mahdinia

Papers

Biodiesel production from wild mustard (Sinapis Arvensis) seed oil using a novel heterogeneous catalyst of LaTiO3 nanoparticles

A green electrochemical method for the synthesis of new N,N′-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine derivatives

Delivery of tioguanine anticancer drug by Fe-doped fullerene cage: DFT evaluation of electronic and structural features

A Green Electrochemical Method for the Synthesis of New N,N′‐Diphenylbenzene‐1,4‐diamine Derivatives.