Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline

Electrochemical Properties of Polyoxometalates as Electrocatalysts.

The field of polyoxometalates (POMs), although a mature field, continues to attract significant attention. The number of publications and patents continues to grow. New researchers are entering the field. The scientific communities of fast-growing new economic/technology powers such as Peoples Republic of China and India are becoming important contributors of the total number of worldwide publications on POMs. Figure 1 depicts the growth of the POM literature per year since 1966. In 1996, according to Chemical Abstracts, nearly 600 refereed publications and over 120 patents were issued in reference to the POM chemistry and technology. Figure 2 shows the countries where the most research activity exists based on publications, and Figure 3 lists the 10 largest patent assignee countries in the world. Japan issues 40% of the worldwide patent literature followed by the USA with ∼17%. The applications of POMs are based on combinations of so-called “value-adding properties” which are summarized in Table 1. From the above-listed properties, the applications of POMs are centered primarily on their redox properties, photochemical response, ionic charge, conductivity, and ionic weights. The majority of the patent and applied literature is devoted to the applications of the Keggin type heteropolyacids (HPA) and their salts. Primarily H3PMo12O40, H3PW12O40, H4SiMo12O40, and H4SiW12O40 are used as the main examples for many applications. Their popularity can be attributed to a large extent to the enormous volume of literature over several decades that describes their fundamental chemistry and to their commercial availability, which makes them convenient starting materials. Approximately two-thirds of the applied chemistry/technology literature describes applications that are based on these POMs. Dimitris E. Katsoulis was born in Athens, Greece in 1955. He received a B.S. degree in Chemistry from University of Athens in 1977. He subsequently joined the research group of Prof. Michael T. Pope at Georgetown University and obtained a Ph.D. degree in 1985. He continued with a postdoctoral assignment at Georgetown University, and in 1988 he joined the Science and Technology function of Dow Corporation in Midland Michigan. He is currently an Associate Research Scientist in the Rigid Materials Science Expertise Center (Central R&D) in Dow Corning. His research interests include hybrid materials, with focus on siloxane-polyoxometalate compositions, sol−gel chemistry, silsesquioxanes, gel systems, polymer matrix composites, and nanocomposites. 359 Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 359−387

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A Survey of Applications of Polyoxometalates

2.2. Cathodic Electropolymerization 4732 2.2.1. Electropolymerization of PPXs and PPVs 4732 3. Charging-Discharging of Conducting Polymers 4733 3.1. Redox Properties of Oligomers and Polymers 4733 3.2. Specific Phenomena of n-Doping 4739 3.3. Conductivity in Charged Systems 4740 4. Controlling the Electropolymerization Process 4742 4.1. Influence of the Polymerization Technique 4742 4.2. Influence of Experimental Conditions 4743 4.3. Electropolymerization in Novel Electrolytic Media 4745

Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers—Persistent Models and New Concepts†

Organic Carbonates as Solvents in Synthesis and Catalysis

Electrosynthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films was performed in a micellar aqueous solution containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry on a platinum electrode. The electrocatalytic effect of SDS was characterized by a significant decrease of the EDOT oxidation potential (Ep) in the micellar medium relative to 0.1 M LiClO4 acetonitrile as well as aqueous solutions. Linear variation of Ep with SDS concentration indicated the formation of a pseudocomplex (Keq = 5.4 × 103 M-1). PEDOT films were characterized electrochemically and spectroscopically (UV−visible, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR, Raman spectra). Regular, well-ordered, and adherent films were obtained in SDS medium. The PEDOT film morphologies investigated by atomic force microscopy suggested the possible presence of columnar structures when the electrosynthesis is performed in the micellar medium.

Improvement of the Electrosynthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Using a Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micellar Aqueous Medium

Salah Aeiyach

Papers

Improvement of the Electrosynthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Using a Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micellar Aqueous Medium

Electrosynthesis of adherent polyaniline films on iron and mild steel in aqueous oxalic acid medium

Ultra-fast electropolymerization of pyrrole in aqueous media on oxidizable metals in a one-step process

Anionic micelles; a new aqueous medium for electropolymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films on Pt electrodes

A new method for obtaining polyparaphenylene films by electrochemical oxidation of (Benzene-SbF5) π-complexes in SO2 medium