Due to its powerful ability to conceal secret data inside an unsuspicious cover object, image steganography has emerged as an active field of research. Recently, a lot of advancements in relation to software and hardware have been carried out, allowing for faster processing of 3D image models. In turn, this has paved the way for 3D image steganography. This paper proposes a novel approach of secure and reversible data hiding in 3D mesh models. The proposed approach employs a mesh traversal algorithm that is based on the shortest distances between neighboring vertices of the mesh. The fourth and fifth decimal places of the Cartesian coordinate vertices after the decimal point are modified to hide the secret data. The proposed approach is evaluated in terms of a number of metrics and is shown to outperform its counterparts from the literature.

Secure 3D data hiding technique based on a mesh traversal algorithm

In this paper, an image encryption algorithm is proposed in which first the image pixels are shuffled using the Arnold map. Second, a 256–bit key is generated using a 2D logistic Sine map and a congruential generator. Then, the pixel values of the shuffled image will be changed by XORing them with the key, producing the encrypted image. The security of the resulting encrypted image is tested using multiple metrics which exhibit the quality of the proposed image encryption algorithm.

Logistic Sine Map Based Image Encryption

Data security has become essential to provide secure communication that is free of attacks. A combination of steganography and cryptography provides very secure communication, where steganography hides the secret data and cryptography scrambles the secret data into an unreadable form. This paper proposes a message security scheme that applies audio steganography and cryptography to provide a secure communication by embedding a secret message inside an audio file. The Blowfish algorithm is used for cryptography and the LSB coding technique is used for steganography. The LSB coding alternates between the left channel and the right channel respectively. The proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of the mean square error (MSE), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), a hearing test and a comparison between the waveform plots of the cover and stego audios. The results prove that the proposed scheme exhibits very good performance. In addition, it is found to surpass other proposed schemes from the literature with much higher PSNR values.

Blowfish–Secured Audio Steganography

This paper proposes a triple-layer, high capacity, message security scheme. The first two layers are of a cryptographic nature, whereas the third layer is of a steganographic nature. In the first layer, AES-128 encryption is performed on the secret message. In the second layer, a chaotic logistic map encryption is applied on the output of the first secure layer to increase the security of the scheme. In the third layer of security, a 2D image steganography technique is performed, where the least significant bit (LSB) -embedding is done according to a zigzag pattern in each of the three color planes of the cover image (i.e. RGB). The distinguishing feature of the proposed scheme is that the secret data is hidden in a zigzag manner that cannot be predicted by a third party. Moreover, our scheme achieves higher values of peak signal to noise ratio (PPSNR), mean square error (MSE), the structural similarity index metric (SSIM), normal cross correlation (NCC) and image fidelity (IF) compared to its counterparts form the literature. In addition, a histogram analysis as well as the high achieved capacity are magnificent indicators for a reliable and high capacity steganographic scheme.

Triple-Layer Image Security Using a Zigzag Embedding Pattern

This paper proposes an advanced scheme of message security in 3D cover images using multiple layers of security. Cryptography using AES–256 is implemented in the first layer. In the second layer, edge detection is applied. Finally, LSB steganography is executed in the third layer. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is measured using a number of performance metrics. For instance, mean square error (MSE), peak signal–to–noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM), mean absolute error (MAE) and entropy.

Message Security Through AES and LSB Embedding in Edge Detected Pixels of 3D Images

Due to the evolution in digital communications, sending a sheltered message, where interferers are prying for any useful piece of information, has become a rigid mission. In this paper, a multiple layer message security scheme is proposed, utilizing 3D images. The proposed scheme is robust against any means of eavesdropping or intruding as it is comprised of four layers of security as follows: encryption using AES–128, encoding using a repetition code, least significant bit (LSB) steganography and jamming through the addition of noise. The proposed scheme is compared with its counterparts from the literature and is shown to exhibit excellent traits, in terms of being reversible and its ability to carry out blind extraction of the data as well as withstanding geometrical attacks. Furthermore, the proposed scheme exhibits very good performance in terms of the mean squared error (MSE) and the peak signal to noise ratios (PSNR).

Secure Message Embedding in 3D Images

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Control-Theoretic Modeling of Multi-Species Water Quality Dynamics in Drinking Water Networks: Survey, Methods, and Test Cases

Recent emerges in applications to handle high density future wireless communication networks allowed the increase of full duplex (FD) communication systems. Although sharing one frequency band simultaneously allows spectrum efficiency, difficulties arise on such a complex system. In this paper, we put a spotlight on the medium access layer (MAC) layer as five MAC protocols are introduced: two half duplex (HD) MAC protocols and three FD MAC protocols. The two HD protocols are the traditional distributed coordination function (DCF) carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocols. The remaining three FD protocols, our contributions, are FD Sensing, FD with request to send (RTS)/clear to send (CTS), and FD without RTS/CTS. The models are tested on the IEEE 802.11a and the IEEE 802.11ax standards in the 5 GHz band over a 20 MHz bandwidth. The evaluated goodput and signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) show that the proposed FD MAC protocols out-match that of classical HD radios under certain network conditions with average gains up to 3.41x for IEEE 802.11a and 3.38x for IEEE 802.11ax, and a minimum self-interference suppression (SIS) value of 76 dB.

Full Duplex Radio in High Density Future Wireless Communication Networks

Tracing disinfectant (e.g., chlorine) and contaminants evolution in water networks requires the solution of 1- D advection-reaction (AR) partial differential equations (PDEs). With the absence of analytical solutions in many scenarios, numerical solutions require high-resolution time- and spacediscretizations resulting in large model dimensions. This adds complexity to the water quality control problem. In addition, considering multi-species water quality dynamics rather than the single-species dynamics produces a more accurate description of the reaction dynamics under abnormal hazardous conditions (e.g., contamination events). Yet, these dynamics introduces nonlinear reaction formulation to the model. To that end, solving nonlinear 1-D AR PDEs in real time is critical in achieving monitoring and control goals for various scaled networks with a high computational burden. In this work, we propose a novel comprehensive framework to overcome the large-dimensionality issue by introducing different approaches for applying model order reduction (MOR) algorithms to the nonlinear system followed by applying real-time water quality regulation algorithm that is based on an advanced model to maintain desirable disinfectant levels in water networks under multi-species dynamics. The performance of this framework is validated using rigorous numerical case studies under a wide range of scenarios demonstrating the challenges associated with regulating water quality under such conditions.

Salma Elsherif

Papers

Secure Message Embedding in 3D Images

Control-Theoretic Modeling of Multi-Species Water Quality Dynamics in Drinking Water Networks: Survey, Methods, and Test Cases

Full Duplex Radio in High Density Future Wireless Communication Networks

Comprehensive Framework for Controlling Nonlinear Multi-Species Water Quality Dynamics

Sex differences in outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement with newer generation devices: a meta-analysis