http://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/146/7/506/24126715/milmed-146-7-506.pdf

Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

The first edition of this reference work was published in 1898, and the last update was published in 1972. This current edition is written by six major contributors and contains either rewritten or new chapters, including one 29-page chapter entitled "Ophthalmology in the Tropics" by F. C. Rodger, MD. Not only is this material valuable to physicians in endemic areas, but it is also important for travelers to the tropics who may return home with these diseases. Most of the chapters discuss the following aspects of tropical disease: cause, transmission, immunology, epidemiology, geographical distribution, pathologic condition, clinical findings, and diagnosis (including laboratory findings, treatment, and prevention). Beside chapters on infections, there are chapters on disorders due to heat, nutritional diseases, and venoms and poisons, and appendices on protozoology, helminthology, entomology, and clinical pathologic conditions. Excellent illustrations of end-stage pathologic conditions are disconcerting. Ophthalmologists would be most interested in the discussion

Manson's Tropical Diseases

Cancer is a severe health problem that continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide. Increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer progression has led to the development of a vast number of anticancer drugs. However, the use of chemically synthesized drugs has not significantly improved the overall survival rate over the past few decades. As a result, new strategies and novel chemoprevention agents are needed to complement current cancer therapies to improve efficiency. Naturally occurring compounds from plants known as phytochemicals, serve as vital resources for novel drugs and are also sources for cancer therapy. Some typical examples include taxol analogs, vinca alkaloids such as vincristine, vinblastine, and podophyllotoxin analogs. These phytochemicals often act via regulating molecular pathways which are implicated in growth and progression of cancer. The specific mechanisms include increasing antioxidant status, carcinogen inactivation, inhibiting proliferation, induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; and regulation of the immune system. The primary objective of this review is to describe what we know to date of the active compounds in the natural products, along with their pharmacologic action and molecular or specific targets. Recent trends and gaps in phytochemical based anticancer drug discovery are also explored. The authors wish to expand the phytochemical research area not only for their scientific soundness but also for their potential druggability. Hence, the emphasis is given to information about anticancer phytochemicals which are evaluated at preclinical and clinical level.

Phytochemicals in Cancer Treatment: From Preclinical Studies to Clinical Practice.

Recent advances in carrier mediated nose-to-brain delivery of pharmaceutics.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of nanoemulsions containing herb oils (rosemary, laurel, thyme and sage) on the quality of rainbow trout were investigated. Fish fillets were immersed for 3 min in the nanoemulsions prepared with different oils. During 24 days of storage, sensory (raw and cooked), chemical (TBA (thiobarbituric acid), pH, TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen), PV (peroxide value), FFA (free fatty acids)) and microbiological quality (total mesophilic aerobic and psychrophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae count) of rainbow trout fillets in ice at 2 ± 2 °C were carried out. Nanoemulsions of essential oils enhanced organoleptic quality of rainbow trout. Shelf life of rainbow trout was found as 14 days for the control, 17 days for the treatment groups. The use of nanoemulsions based on all essential oils reduced the values of the biochemical parameters and slowed down the growth of bacteria. TVB-N values were lower in all samples than limit value. FFA and PV developed at a slower rate in the treated groups, especially in the rosemary group. The lowest bacterial numbers were obtained from rosemary followed by thyme group. Among the essential oils, it can be concluded that rosemary and thyme can be recommended for nanoemulsion as a preservative for fish fillets.

Evaluation of effects of nanoemulsion based on herb essential oils (rosemary, laurel, thyme and sage) on sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets during ice storage

An ideal drug delivery system fulfils the objective of maximizing therapeutic effect while minimizing toxicity. With the progress in time and advances in science and technology, dosage forms have evolved from simple mixtures and pills, to highly sophisticated systems, which are known as novel drug delivery systems. Nanoemulsions are novel drug deliv‐ ery systems consisting of emulsified oil and water systems with mean droplet diameters ranging from 50 to 1000 nm. Usually, the average droplet size is between 100 and 500 nm and can exist as oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) form, where the core of the particle is either oil or water, respectively. Nanoemulsions (Figs. 1 and 2) are made from pharma‐ ceutical surfactants that are generally regarded as safe (GRAS). The surfactant type and concentration in the aqueous phase are chosen to provide good stability against coales‐ cence. Several types of oils-natural semi-synthetic and synthetic are used in the formula‐ tion of nanoemulsions. The capacity of nanoemulsions to dissolve large quantities of low soluble drugs along with their mutual compatibility and ability to protect the drugs from hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation make them ideal drug delivery vectors [1]. The major advantages of nanoemulsions as drug delivery carriers include increased drug loading, enhanced drug solubility and bioavailability, reduced patient variability, controlled drug release, and protection from enzymatic degradation [2].

/pdf/nanoemulsions-advances-in-formulation-characterization-and-4hsmv6170g.pdf

Nanoemulsions — Advances in Formulation, Characterization and Applications in Drug Delivery

Recently, advances in pharmaceutical research is focused on new delivery systems utilizing new devices to achieve modification of delivery time, targeting, as well as improve the in vivo solubility and hence bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Lipid based drug delivery systems (LDDS) consists of diverse group of formulations, each consisting of varying functional and structural properties that are amenable to modifications achieved by varying the composition of lipid excipients and other additives. LDDS has evolved, overtime, from micro- to nano-scale enhancing the efficacy and therapeutic application of these systems. LDDS are accepted, proven, commercially viable strategies for formulating challenging pharmaceutical molecules and can be tailored to meet a wide range of product requirements. Generally, most lipid drug delivery systems used as drug carriers have high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of incorporating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances and feasibility of variable routes of administration, including oral, topical, parenteral and pulmonary routes. LDDS can also be designed to allow modified drug release from matrices. LDDS could be broadly grouped into four: solid lipid particulate dosage forms, emulsion based systems, solid lipid tablets, and vesicular systems. Modifications from these four types include: lipospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nano structured lipid carriers (NLC), lipid drug conjugate nanoparticles (LDC), self emulsifying formulations (SEFs), pickering emulsions, dry emulsions, micro and nano-emulsions, solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS) based tablets, liposomes, herbosomes, cryptosomes and transferosomes amongst others. This work exhaustively reviewed the advances in LDDS and also drew comparison between the different types based on history, methods of manufacture, applications, advantages and disadvantages.

	Key words: Cryptosomes, lipospheres, lipoplexes, solid lipid tablets, pharmacosomes, virosomes, vesosomes.

/pdf/lipid-based-drug-delivery-systems-ldds-recent-advances-and-4kmafc4yx9.pdf

Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LDDS): Recent advances and applications of lipids in drug delivery

Objective: To formulate and evaluate solid-reversed-micellar-solution (SRMS)-based solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) for intramuscular administration of gentamicin.Methods: SRMS formulated with Phospholipon® 90G and Softisan® 154 were used to prepare gentamicin-loaded SLMs. Characterizations based on size and morphology, stability and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) were carried out on the SLMs. In vitro release of gentamicin from the SLMs was performed in phosphate buffer while in vivo release studies were conducted in rats.Results: Maximum EE% of 90.0, 91.6 and 83.0% were obtained for SLMs formed with SRMS 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1, respectively. Stable, spherical and smooth SLMs of size range 9.80 ± 1.46 µm to 33.30 ± 6.42 µm were produced. The release of gentamicin in phosphate buffer varied widely with the lipid contents. Moreover, significant (p < 0.05) amount of gentamicin was released in vivo from the SLMs.Conclusion: SRMS-based SLMs would likely offer a reliable means of delivering gentamicin intramuscularly.

Preparation of novel solid lipid microparticles loaded with gentamicin and its evaluation in vitro and in vivo

Objective: To formulate sustained-release diclofenac potassium-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) based on solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS) and to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo properties.Methods: SRMS consisting of mixtures of Phospholipon® 90H and Softisan® 154 were used to formulate diclofenac potassium-loaded SLMs. Characterization based on the particle size and morphology, stability and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) were carried out on the SLMs. In vitro release was carried out in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.5). Anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic properties were studied using rats.Results: Maximum EE% of 95%, 94% and 93% were obtained for SLMs formulated with SRMS 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2, respectively. In vitro release showed about 85–90% drug release at 13 h. Diclofenac potassium-loaded SLMs showed good anti-inflammatory and gastro-protective properties.Conclusion: Diclofenac potassium-loaded SLMs based on SRMS could be used orally or parenterally under controlled conditions, for ...

Sustained-release diclofenac potassium-loaded solid lipid microparticle based on solidified reverse micellar solution: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Contexts: Artemisinins and its derivatives are considered the basis in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria due to their high potency and rapid action. However, they have short half life, low solubility, and poor oral bioavailability, hence the need to formulate sustained release lipid particulate dosage form of these drugs.Objectives: To formulate and evaluate artesunate-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) based on structured lipid matrices consisting of soybean oil and dika wax.Materials and methods: The lipid matrices were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The SLMs were prepared by hot melt-homogenization. Time-dependent particle size analysis, time-dependent pH stability studies, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and in vitro drug release were carried out on the SLMs. In vivo anti-malarial studies were performed using a modified Peter’s 4-day suppressive protocol using Plasmodium...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10717544.2014.881633

Formulation development and evaluation of the anti-malaria properties of sustained release artesunate-loaded solid lipid microparticles based on phytolipids.

Salome A. Chime

Papers

Nanoemulsions — Advances in Formulation, Characterization and Applications in Drug Delivery

Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LDDS): Recent advances and applications of lipids in drug delivery

Preparation of novel solid lipid microparticles loaded with gentamicin and its evaluation in vitro and in vivo

Sustained-release diclofenac potassium-loaded solid lipid microparticle based on solidified reverse micellar solution: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Formulation development and evaluation of the anti-malaria properties of sustained release artesunate-loaded solid lipid microparticles based on phytolipids.