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Using Multivariate Statistics

Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: the Birds of the Western Palaearctic. Volume 2. Hawks to Bustards

A review of water quality index models and their use for assessing surface water quality

This volume, 20 years in the making, was primarily intended as a field guide and starts with a comprehensive listing of the 313 worldwide raptor species, grouped by order and family, listed with common and scientific name and cross-referenced to information detailing biology, ecology and associated colour plates. The proportionally larger number of species within the Accipitridae, Herpetotheridae and Falconidae are further subdivided by commonly applied artificial groupings (e.g. bazas, honey-buzzards, atypical kites; fish-eagles and fishing eagles) to aid in finding species quickly and easily.

Raptors of the WorldBy James Ferguson-Lees and David Christie

在Microsoft Excel中标记某个单元格或区域时，我们通常会看到在该单元格或区域的右下角有一个小黑方块，此小黑方块就是“填充柄”(如图1)。“填充柄”有什么作用?如何使用“填充柄”实现自动填充?下面就作以简单介绍。

活用Microsoft Excel中的“填充柄”功能

Water quality index for Al-Gharraf River, southern Iraq

The climate of Iraq is of the subtropical semi-dry type; however, the country was rich in water resources until a few decades ago. Climate change and the construction of many dams on the Tigris and ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/4/756/pdf

Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Schedules for Some Major Crops in Southern Iraq

Water quality evaluation is fundamental for water resources management. Water quality index (WQI) is an accurate and easily understandable method for assessing water quality for different purposes. In this study, the Iraqi water quality index (Iraq WQI) was constructed to be used to evaluate the Iraqi rivers for drinking. For this purpose, some statistical techniques, experts’ advice, literature reviews, and authors’ experience were used. First, the principal component analysis (PCA) method and the modified Delphi method were used to select the most influential water quality parameters and their relative weights. Second, the quality curves of selected parameters were drawn to calculate the WQI scores basing on the water quality standards. Of twenty-seven parameters, six parameters were chosen to be within the index depending on their effect on water quality in order to reflect the specific characteristics of the Iraqi waters. The Iraq WQI was applied to the Tigris River within Baghdad as a case study and for some sites on other Iraqi rivers, and gave acceptable results. Results revealed that the statistical techniques used in this paper can be applied in all Iraqi rivers considering their specific characteristics. Based on the reliability of the Iraq WQI, there is no longer a need to use Indices designed for water for other countries.

https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/7/3/67/pdf

Development and Evaluation of a Water Quality Index for the Iraqi Rivers

The water footprint (WF) is an indicator of indirect and direct fresh water use. In respect of facilitating decision-making processes, WF gives an excellent perspective on how and where fresh water is used in the supply chain. More than 39 million people live in Iraq and, with a growing population, there is a water shortage and a rising demand for food that cannot be met in the future. In this study, the WF of wheat production is estimated for the year 2016–2017 for 15 Iraqi provinces. The WF was calculated using the method of Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011) and the CROPWAT and CLIMWAT softwares’ crop water requirement option. It was found that the WF in m3/ton was 1876 m3/ton. The 15 provinces showed variations in WFs, which can be ascribed to the difference in climate and production values. The highest wheat WF was found in Nineveh province, followed by Muthanna, Anbar, and Basra. The last three provinces produce little and have a high WF so, in these provinces, wheat can be replaced with crops that need less water and provide more economic benefit. There is an opportunity to reduce the green WF by increasing production from the 4 rain-fed provinces, which will reduce the need for production from the irrigated provinces and, therefore, reduce the use of blue water.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/3/535/pdf

Water Footprint of Wheat in Iraq

The monthly water quality data sets from ten stations on the Tigris River within Baghdad for the year 2016 were studied. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated using 11 important parameters according to the assigned weight, and its values were used as the dependent variable in stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis to develop a water quality model (WQM) for the river. Twenty-three physicochemical water quality variables (2760 values) were included in developing the WQM , they are: Aluminum (Al + 3 ), Fluoride (F−1), Nitrite (NO 2 − 1 ), Nitrate (NO 3 − 1 ), Ammonia (NH3), Temperature (T), Total Alkalinity (TA.), Turbidity (Tur.), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca + 2 ), Chloride (Cl−1), Magnesium (Mg + 2 ), Potential of Hydrogen (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sulfate (SO4 − 2 ), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Iron (Fe + 2 ), Silica (SiO2), Phosphate (PO 4 − 3 ), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Sodium (Na + 1 ). The annual WQI mean value during the study was 266; more than the safe value of 100; consequently, the water quality was considered as unsuitable for drinking. Significant differences in WQI values were detected over the months and across stations with the highest WQI values (poor quality) in winter and spring, while the lowest values (better quality) were in summer and autumn. The WQM, which was developed based on the stepwise MLR analysis, consisted of five parameters: Tur, EC, COD, TH, and pH with significant value (r 0.987, R2 0.974, p WQI = ( − 1 . 597 ) ( T u r ) 0 . 478 (EC) 0 . 409 (COD) 0 . 089 (TH) 0 . 291 (pH) 0 . 095 The study results show that the use of WQI as the dependent variable input improved the prediction of MLR model as a tool to understand, simplify and model the water quality variation. The model developed here can help in rapid low-cost water quality evaluation for best management of the Tigris River.

Salwan Ali Abed

Papers

Water quality index for Al-Gharraf River, southern Iraq

Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Schedules for Some Major Crops in Southern Iraq

Development and Evaluation of a Water Quality Index for the Iraqi Rivers

Water Footprint of Wheat in Iraq

Predicting the Tigris River water quality within Baghdad, Iraq by using water quality index and regression analysis