Electrically conducting polymers arenovel In thattheir surface pries induding charge density and wettability, canbereversibly changed with anapplied electrical potential. Suchproperties might render conducting polymers unique forbiological applications. However, themajority of research onconducting polymers hasbeencarried outunder nonbio lcondits. Wesyntheoptically transparent polypyrrole thinfinms andstudied theminenvironments suitable forprotein adsorption andmammalian cell culture. In viro studies demonstrated that extracellular matrix molecules, suchasfibronectin, adsorb efficiently ontopolypyrrole thin films andsupport cell attentunder serum-free conditions. Whenaortic endothelial cells werecultured onfibronectin- coated polypyrrole (oxidized) ineither chemicall defined medium orthepresence ofserum, cells spread normally and synthesized DNA.Incontrast, whenthepolymer wasswitched toits neutral state byapplying anelectrical potntil, bothcell extension andDNAsynthesis wereinhibited without affecting cell viability. Application ofasimilar electrical potential tocells cultured onindium tin oxide surfaces hadnoeffect oncell shape orfunction. Thesedatasuggest thatdectrially conducting polymers mayrepresent atype ofculture substrate which could provide anoninvasive meanstocontrol theshape andfunction ofadherent cells, independent ofanymediumalteration. Growth andfunction ofcultured cells iscommonly controlled byaddition ofmediumsupplements, including serum, de- fined growth factors, andsoluble hormones. However, in- teractions between cells andtheir culture substrate arealso critical forregulation oftheir growth andfunction. For example, mostmammalian cells areanchorage-dependent and, thus, mustattach andextend onasurface inorder to proliferate (1-5). Furthermore, thesamecells will remain quiescent anddifferentiate intheidentical growth factor- containing medium, ifcell spreading isprevented byaltering interactions between cells andsubstrate-adsorbed extracel-

Electrically conducting polymers cannoninvasively control the shapeandgrowth ofmammalian cells

Wound healing and antimicrobial effect of active secondary metabolites in chitosan-based wound dressings: A review

Conductive biomaterials for muscle tissue engineering

Thermo-sensitive polymers in medicine: A review

Biomedical scientists use chemistry-driven processes found in nature as an inspiration to design biomaterials as promising diagnostic tools, therapeutic solutions, or tissue substitutes. While substantial consideration is devoted to the design and validation of biomaterials, the nature of their interactions with the surrounding biological microenvironment is commonly neglected. This gap of knowledge could be owing to our poor understanding of biochemical signaling pathways, lack of reliable techniques for designing biomaterials with optimal physicochemical properties, and/or poor stability of biomaterial properties after implantation. The success of host responses to biomaterials, known as biocompatibility, depends on chemical principles as the root of both cell signaling pathways in the body and how the biomaterial surface is designed. Most of the current review papers have discussed chemical engineering and biological principles of designing biomaterials as separate topics, which has resulted in neglecting the main role of chemistry in this field. In this review, we discuss biocompatibility in the context of chemistry, what it is and how to assess it, while describing contributions from both biochemical cues and biomaterials as well as the means of harmonizing them. We address both biochemical signal-transduction pathways and engineering principles of designing a biomaterial with an emphasis on its surface physicochemistry. As we aim to show the role of chemistry in the crosstalk between the surface physicochemical properties and body responses, we concisely highlight the main biochemical signal-transduction pathways involved in the biocompatibility complex. Finally, we discuss the progress and challenges associated with the current strategies used for improving the chemical and physical interactions between cells and biomaterial surface.

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Biological responses to physicochemical properties of biomaterial surface.

Biomedical engineering seeks to enhance the quality of life by developing advanced materials and technologies. Chitosan-based biomaterials have attracted significant attention because of having unique chemical structures with desired biocompatibility and biodegradability, which play different roles in membranes, sponges and scaffolds, along with promising biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity. Therefore, chitosan derivatives have been widely used in a vast variety of uses, chiefly pharmaceuticals and biomedical engineering. It is attempted here to draw a comprehensive overview of chitosan emerging applications in medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer therapy, ophthalmology, dentistry, bio-imaging, bio-sensing and diagnosis. The use of Stem Cells (SCs) has given an interesting feature to the use of chitosan so that regenerative medicine and therapeutic methods have benefited from chitosan-based platforms. Plenty of the most recent discussions with stimulating ideas in this field are covered that could hopefully serve as hints for more developed works in biomedical engineering.

Chitosan in Biomedical Engineering: A Critical Review

A facile route to the synthesis of anilinic electroactive colloidal hydrogels for neural tissue engineering applications.

Fabricating an electroactive injectable hydrogel based on pluronic-chitosan/aniline-pentamer containing angiogenic factor for functional repair of the hippocampus ischemia rat model

Saman Seyed Gholizadeh

Papers

Chitosan in Biomedical Engineering: A Critical Review

A facile route to the synthesis of anilinic electroactive colloidal hydrogels for neural tissue engineering applications.

Fabricating an electroactive injectable hydrogel based on pluronic-chitosan/aniline-pentamer containing angiogenic factor for functional repair of the hippocampus ischemia rat model