Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity

Geography and Trade

This paper is an introduction to the special issue from the 3rd Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Research Conference held in Washington, D.C., in 2008. The paper has three objectives. First, to discuss the importance of the three stages of economic development, the factor-driven stage, the efficiency-driven stage and the innovation-driven stage. Second, to examine the empirical evidence on the relationship between stages of economic development and entrepreneurship. Third, to present a summary of the papers in the context of the theory.

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Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions

National Systems of Entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications

Social entrepreneurship has recently received greater recognition from the public sector, as well as from scholars. However, the lack of a unifying paradigm in the field has lead to a proliferation of definitions. Moreover, several approaches of the phenomenon, as well as different schools of thought, have emerged in different regions of the world. At first glance, because of different conceptions of capitalism and of the government's role, there seems to be a difference between the American and the European conceptions of social entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to clarify the concepts of ‘social entrepreneurship’, ‘social entrepreneur’ and ‘social entrepreneurship organization’ and to examine whether there is a transatlantic divide in the way these are conceived and defined. After having justified the need for a definition, we present the different geographical perspectives. North American and European literatures on social entrepreneurship are critically analysed by means of Gartner's fo...

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The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria

Entrepreneurs have the potential to create new jobs in their communities, bring new products and services to the market, and change the way we lead our lives. But it’s not enough to have a good idea. Some aspiring entrepreneurs encounter barriers that prevent them from ever starting a business. And those entrepreneurs who do start businesses may face challenges that limit the ability of their businesses to flourish. As a result, individuals and communities may collectively lose out on the new jobs, products, services, and innovations that were never created.

What are the biggest barriers facing entrepreneurs and aspiring entrepreneurs? Where are they getting stuck? What prevents businesses from getting off the ground? What inhibits the entrepreneurs from thriving? Understanding the barriers entrepreneurs encounter along their journeys can help entrepreneurship supporters – including nonprofits, funders, policymakers, investors, and researchers – better understand how to help entrepreneurs and aspiring entrepreneurs.

The report includes the results from our survey and key considerations for entrepreneurship supporters.

Challenges Along the Entrepreneurial Journey: Considerations for Entrepreneurship Supporters

This paper explores the potential of microfinance in post-conflict economies, and specifically examines policy considerations for the case of Iraq. It presents important conditions of the post-conflict economy, and examines three critical requirements for successful microfinance operations, as outlined by the Microenterprises Best Practices Project. Political stability, economic demand and population stability are evaluated in the case of Iraq. Several other considerations are also addressed, including matters of scale, government mechanisms and support, and gender and religious contexts.

Post-conflict Microfinance: Assessment and Policy Notes for Iraq

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Messung von Unternehmertum: Art, Motivation und Wachstum

Entrepreneurial activity can be influenced by many factors linked to individual characteristics and cultural and contextual settings Yet not all countries experience similar levels or types of entrepreneurial activity; rather, this varies significantly across country incomes and regions In this chapter, we discuss the current debates regarding the operationalization and measurement of entrepreneurship in the literature We also examine trends in male and female entrepreneurship around the world Resources and personal characteristics necessary for taking on entrepreneurial activity may be the same for both the male and female entrepreneurs, but challenges they face in different contexts vary and can stem from the social, cultural, and regulatory environments

Entrepreneurship: An Overview

We apply the accelerator principle to measure the functional efficiency of capital markets We estimate the elasticity of capital with respect to output using a panel of firms across 44 countries, and compare the results with existing approaches Furthermore, we correlate our measure with corporate governance institutions

Sameeksha Desai

Papers

Challenges Along the Entrepreneurial Journey: Considerations for Entrepreneurship Supporters

Post-conflict Microfinance: Assessment and Policy Notes for Iraq

Messung von Unternehmertum: Art, Motivation und Wachstum

Entrepreneurship: An Overview

Measuring the Functional Efficiency of Capital Markets