In wireless sensor networks (WSN), routing is quite challenging area of research where packets are forwarded through multiple nodes to the base station. The packet being sent over the network should be shared in an energy efficient manner. It also considers the residual power of battery to enhance the network life time. Existing energy efficient routing solutions and surveys are presented but still there is a need for Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify the valid problems. This paper performs SLR for energy efficiency routing with 172 papers at initial stage. Next, 50 papers are shortlisted after filtration based on quality valuation and selection criteria by ensuring relevance with energy efficiency. Initially, we present literature that includes schemes for threshold sensitive, adaptive periodic threshold sensitive, power efficient, hybrid energy efficient distribution and low energy adaptive mechanisms. Result of systematic review reveals that consumption of energy is the most fundamental issue in WSN however, is not noticed by the researchers and practitioners where as it can contribute for the improvement of the energy efficiency. It also elaborates the weaknesses of the existing approaches which make them inappropriate for energy efficient routing in WSN.

Systematic Literature Review on Energy Efficient Routing Schemes in WSN – A Survey

Designing and implementing sensor network solutions open up completely new challenges for communication system developers. Such networks literally merge with the real world in which they can sense and control physical phenomena. Therefore, one of the most important issues to be solved is that of security. Services such as confidentiality, integrity, authenticity and access control, but especially privacy and trust are inherently important for the practical use of sensor networks. However, it is much more difficult than in traditional communication systems to provide these security services, as sensor networks or more specifically sensor network nodes are equipped with much fewer resources, for instance regarding computing power or memory. Conventional procedures which work well in traditional networks can usually only be used in a limited way if at all. This issue of it – “Security in Sensor Networks” will therefore extensively cope with this issue. It features a total of five articles, organized in three thematic blocks which cover important areas of the subject. The first block deals with basic procedures for the establishment of traditional security services, such as confidentiality, integrity and authenticity. It contains the contribution “Security Solutions for Uplinkand Downlink-Traffic in Wireless Sensor Networks” authored by Jens-Matthias Bohli, Alban Hessler, Osman Ugus, and Dirk Westhoff which concentrates specifically on selected security and dependability solutions which are able to assure an acceptable security level while at the same time minimizing energy and memory usage. The second block discusses attacks against sensor networks and possible counter measures. Because of the exposure of sensor nodes to the real world, additional ways of attack against these networks open up, compared to conventional networks. In their article “Attacker Models for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Zinaida Benenson, Erik-Oliver Blass, and Felix C. Freiling classify such attacks and describe how attackers can be modeled formally. On the basis of such models, further steps can be taken, such as the creation of intrusion detection systems. The design and implementation of such systems is described by Christoph Krauss in his article “Detecting Compromised Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks: Misbehavior-based Detection vs. Attestationbased Detection”. The third block, finally, addresses the issue of security in sensor network applications. The paper “Security Design for Industrial Sensor Networks” co-authored by Rainer Falk and Hans-Joachim Hof deals with the use of sensor networks in industrial applications such as process automation or machine monitoring. The second article, called “Security in Border Control and Area Monitoring” and co-authored by Daniela Krüger, Christian Haas, Peter Rothenpieler, Denise Dudek, and Dennis Pfisterer discusses the security requirements of applications operating in the area of real estate and border control. Finally, we would like to thank all contributors to this special and also the anonymous reviewers who dedicated their time and efforts to improving the whole issue.

Security in Sensor Networks

With the advancement of communication and sensor technologies, it has become possible to develop low-cost circuitry to sense and transmit the state of surroundings Wireless networks of such circuitry, namely wireless sensor networks (WSNs), can be used in a multitude of applications like healthcare, intelligent sectors, environmental sensing, and military defense The crucial problem of WSN is the reliable exchange of data between different sensors and efficient communication with the data collection center Clustering is the most appropriate approach to prolong the performance parameters of WSN To overcome the limitations in clustering algorithms such as reduced cluster head (CH) lifetime; an effective CH selection algorithm, optimized routing protocol, and trust management are required to design an effective WSN solution In this paper, a Cuckoo search optimization algorithm using a fuzzy type-2 logic-based clustering strategy is suggested to extend the level of confidence and hence network lifespan In intra-cluster communication, a threshold-based data transmission algorithm is used and a multi-hop routing scheme for inter-cluster communication is employed to decrease dissipated energy from CHs far away from BS Simulation outcomes indicate that the proposed strategy outperforms other communication techniques in the context of the successful elimination of malicious nodes along with energy consumption, stability period, and network lifetime

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11276-020-02438-5.pdf

Trust-aware energy-efficient stable clustering approach using fuzzy type-2 Cuckoo search optimization algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a promising methodology in present health care systems to monitor, detect, predict and diagnose the disease in people. The performance of the WBAN network is affected by un-trusted nodes in WBAN network. The un-trusted sensor nodes are formed in WBAN network due to the attackers from outside the world. In this paper, sensor node classification algorithm is proposed which incorporates ANFIS classifier based trusted and un-trusted sensor nodes detection and classification system is proposed inorder to improve the efficiency of the WBAN networks. This proposed system constitutes feature extraction and classification modules. The trust features are extracted from sensor nodes and these exracted features are optimized using genetic algorithm. The performance of the WBAN network is analyzed in terms of classification rate, packet delivery ratio and latency.

Genetic algorithm based sensor node classifications in wireless body area networks (WBAN)

Despite unique energy-saving dispositions of cluster-based routing protocols, clustered wireless sensor networks with static sinks typically have problems of unbalanced energy consumptions, as the ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719900111

A lifetime-enhancing cooperative data gathering and relaying algorithm for cluster-based wireless sensor networks:

Most of the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are designed for dedicated applications and more 60% of their energy is wasted in data transmission. Hence, energy efficient routing protocols are required to find the efficient route to minimize the communication overhead. Security is another important factor in WSN. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) need effective security mechanisms because these networks are usually deployed in hostile, unattended environments where the speed and accuracy of data collection is very important. In this study, we propose an energy aware heuristic-based routing protocol scheme to provide energy efficiency and security in WSNs.

S-SEECH secured - Scalable Energy Efficient Clustering Hierarchy Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks, which consist of a immense number of sensor nodes have emerged as an inevitable, effective and important technology in telecommunication field. Sensor nodes can be deployed in any harsh environment for health monitoring, industrial monitoring, structural analysis, detecting intruders etc. Since it works in battery, the major challenge is to improve the lifetime of sensor node by effectively reducing energy consumption. Otherwise, it is very difficult to frequently replace the sensor nodes. For this, many routing protocols have been proposed in which cluster based routing protocol plays a vital role. In cluster based routing protocol, entire WSN network is divided into several groups or clusters. Then for each cluster a cluster head (CH) is selected. Sensors sense the data and forward it to their corresponding CH where the entire data of that cluster get aggregated and transmitted to base station (BS). The clustering technique offers more benefit than existing flat based routing protocols since the data is transmitted via CH rather than directly by each sensor nodes. Thus the selection of CH is very important. Here we proposed a method named firefly based nearest neighbor chain algorithm to select the centre of cluster based on which CH selection can be done.

/pdf/an-ai-approach-to-locate-cluster-centre-in-wireless-sensor-4l6w6n4rp0.pdf

Sandhya R

Papers

S-SEECH secured - Scalable Energy Efficient Clustering Hierarchy Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

An AI Approach to Locate Cluster Centre in Wireless Sensor Networks