The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has the advantages of high-energy storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal-storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering, and spacecraft thermal control applications. The uses of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings have been investigated within the past decade. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at a wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. This paper also summarizes the investigation and analysis of the available thermal energy storage systems incorporating PCMs for use in different applications.

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications

This paper proposes a method of modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays. The main objective is to find the parameters of the nonlinear I-V equation by adjusting the curve at three points: open circuit, maximum power, and short circuit. Given these three points, which are provided by all commercial array data sheets, the method finds the best I-V equation for the single-diode photovoltaic (PV) model including the effect of the series and parallel resistances, and warranties that the maximum power of the model matches with the maximum power of the real array. With the parameters of the adjusted I-V equation, one can build a PV circuit model with any circuit simulator by using basic math blocks. The modeling method and the proposed circuit model are useful for power electronics designers who need a simple, fast, accurate, and easy-to-use modeling method for using in simulations of PV systems. In the first pages, the reader will find a tutorial on PV devices and will understand the parameters that compose the single-diode PV model. The modeling method is then introduced and presented in details. The model is validated with experimental data of commercial PV arrays.

Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays

https://eva.fing.edu.uy/pluginfile.php/55828/mod_resource/content/1/kalogiru.pdf

Solar thermal collectors and applications

An introduction to heat transfer

On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: a review of efficiency/ power correlations

https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/7602/desoto04.pdf?sequence=1

Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance

Estimation of the diffuse radiation fraction for hourly, daily and monthly-average global radiation [Solar energy].

Estimation of the diffuse radiation fraction for hourly, daily and monthly-average global radiation

Introduction Heat Pumps Heat-Driven Heat Pumps Description of Current Absorption Products Outlook for Absorption Technology Absorption Cycle Fundamentals Carnot Cycles Absorption Heat Pump, Type I Absorption Heat Transformer, Type II Absorption Heat Pump as Combination of Rankine Cycles Reversible Analysis with Variable Temperatures Irreversibilities in Absorption Cycle Processes Zero-Order Absorption Cycle Model Absorption Cycle Design Optimization Properties of Working Fluids Analytic Treatment of Thermodynamic Properties Graphical Perspective on Thermodynamic Properties of Absorption Working Fluids Thermodynamic Processes with Mixtures Mixing of Fluids and the Heat of Mixing Specific Heat of Mixtures Desorption Absorption Condensation and Evaporation Compression Pumping Throttling Ammonia Purification Heat Exchangers WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE SYSTEMS Overview of Water/Lithium Bromide Technology Fundamentals and Operation Crystallization and Absorber Cooling Requirements Corrosion and Materials Compatibility Vacuum Requirements Octyl Alcohol Normal Maintenance and Expected Life Controls Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Technology Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Chiller Operating Conditions Single-Effect with Heat Transfer Models Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Heat Transformer (Type II Heat Pump) Discussion of Available Single-Effect Systems Double-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Technology Double-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Cycles Solution Circuit Plumbing Options Operating Conditions of Double-Effect Machines Systems on the Market Advanced Water/Lithium Bromide Cycles Half-Effect Cycle Triple-Effect Cycle Resorption Cycle Additional Water/Lithium Bromide Technology AMMONIA/WATER SYSTEMS Single-Stage Ammonia/Water Systems General Considerations Performance Calculations Examples of Ammonia/Water Absorption Systems in Operations Two-Stage Ammonia/Water Systems Double-Effect Ammonia/Water Systems Double-Lift Ammonia/Water Systems Two-Stage Triple-Effect Ammonia/Water System Generator/Absorber Heat Exchange (GAX) Cycles Concept, Configurations and Design Considerations Branched GAX Systems GAX Cycle Hardware Diffusion Absorption Cycle Introduction Cycle Physics Choice of the Auxiliary Gas Total Pressure of the System Cycle Performance APPENDICES Properties of LiBr/H2O Properties of NH3/H2O Absorption Cycle Modeling Concentration Measurements by Titration Introduction to Engineering Equation Solver Overview of the ABSIM Software Package References Index

Absorption chillers and heat pumps

Several simplified design procedures for solar energy systems require monthly average meteorological data. Monthly average daily totals of the solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface are available. However, radiation data on tilted surfaces, required by the design procedures, are generally not available. A simple method of estimating the average daily radiation for each calendar month on surfaces facing directly towards the equator has been presented by Liu and Jordan [1]. This method is verified with experimental measurements and extended to allow calculation of monthly average radiation on surfaces of a wide range of orientations.

Sanford A. Klein

Papers

Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance

Estimation of the diffuse radiation fraction for hourly, daily and monthly-average global radiation [Solar energy].

Estimation of the diffuse radiation fraction for hourly, daily and monthly-average global radiation

Absorption chillers and heat pumps

Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces