Community resilience has been addressed across multiple disciplines including environmental sciences, engineering, sociology, psychology, and economics. Interest in community resilience gained momentum following several key natural and human-caused hazards in the United States and worldwide. To date, a comprehensive community resilience model that encompasses the performance of all the physical and socio-economic components from immediate impact through the recovery phase of a natural disaster has not been available. This paper summarizes a literature review of previous community resilience studies with a focus on natural hazards, which includes primarily models of individual infrastructure systems, their interdependencies, and community economic and social systems. A series of national and international initiatives aimed at community resilience are also summarized in this study. This paper suggests extensions of existing modeling methodologies aimed at developing an improved, integrated understanding of resilience that can be used by policy-makers in preparation for future events.

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State of the research in community resilience: progress and challenges.

Evaluating risk of water mains failure using a Bayesian belief network model

Theprobabilisticassessmentofgroundmotionintensitymeasures(IMs;e.g.,peakgroundaccel- eration) at an individual site is a standard practice. Less attention has been devoted to estimating the statistical dependence of IMs from a single event at multiple sites due to common source and wave traveling paths and to similar distance to fault asperities.This paper explores the site-to-site correlation of IMs and demonstrate its use in seismic hazard and loss estimation.The use of a spatial correlation function will be shown in two applications: 1) evaluation of the effect of modeling spatially correlated ground motion fields on loss estimates for portfolios ofstructureswithdifferentspacingpatterns;and2)simulationofU.S.GeologicalSurvey(USGS)groundmotion ShakeMaps consistent both with the recorded IM values at each station and with the IM correlation structure. This last case could be extremely valuable in USGS-sponsored efforts such as PAGER and ShakeCast.

Modeling spatial correlation of ground motion Intensity Measures for regional seismic hazard and portfolio loss estimation

This paper explores key aspects of underground pipeline network response to the Canterbury earthquake sequence in Christchurch, New Zealand, including the response of the water and wastewater distr...

Earthquake Response of Underground Pipeline Networks in Christchurch, NZ:

The paper analyzes the performance of a hospital system using a holistic and multidisciplinary approach. Data on impacts to the hospital system were collected using a standardized survey tool. A fa...

Resilience of the Canterbury Hospital System to the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake

This article is focused on the spatial variability of earthquake strong motion and its relationship with the performance of water-distribution pipelines provided by Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (ladwp) and residential buildings. Analyses of strong-motion characteristics and their correlations with pipeline and building damage were conducted with an immense geographical information system (gis) database for the 1994 Northridge earthquake, which was collected, digitized, and organized by researchers at Cornell. There are statistically significant correlations among pipeline repair rate (repairs/km) and peak ground velocity (pgv) for cast iron, ductile iron, asbestos cement, and steel pipe. Statistically significant regressions have been developed between damage ratio, dr (percent of existing structures with damage equal to or exceeding a particular damage factor, df [percent of building replacement cost]) and the magnitudes of seismic parameters, such as pgv and spectrum intensity (si). Regressions developed between dr and scaled seismic parameters (seismic parameters normalized with respect to df) resulted in predictive equations having a very high degree of statistical significance. Algorithms to visualize damage patterns for buildings were developed and validated to choose optimal gis mesh dimensions and contour intervals. Ordinary kriging was used to develop regressions of pipeline repair rate and residential building dr associated with 90% confidence pgv and spectrum intensity (weighted average pseudovelocity). Such regressions provide an explicit means of characterizing the uncertainty embodied in the strong-motion data.

Northridge Earthquake Effects on Pipelines and Residential Buildings

This study investigates the mechanical characteristics of light-weighted soils (LWS) consisting of expanded polystyrene (EPS), dredged clays, and cement through both unconfined and triaxial compression tests. The mechanical characteristics of the compressive strength of LWS are analyzed with varying initial water contents of dredged clays, EPS ratio, cement ratio, and curing pressure. In the triaxial compression test, it is found that the compressive strength of LWS associated with EPS is independent on the effective confining pressure. When both EPS ratio is less than 2% and cement ratio is more than 2%, the compressive strength rapidly decreases after the ultimate value. This signifies that the compressive strength-strain behavior is quite similar to that of the cemented soil. The ground improved by LWS has the compressive strength of 200 kPa associated with the optimized EPS ratio of 3–4% and initial water content of 165–175%. The ultimate compressive strength under both triaxial and unconfined compres...

Mechanical Characteristics of Light-Weighted Soils Using Dredged Materials

This paper focuses on the response of circumferentially cracked cast iron (CI) pipeline with the cast-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining system by evaluating stresses, relative displacements, and rotations generated by repetitive loadings, including the thermal expansion and contraction effects, actual traffic loading, backfill effects, and adjacent excavations. Detailed analytical models were developed to relate axial and vertical displacements and rotational distortions imposed on pipeline at the circumferential crack. The analytical results were used to establish laboratory test procedures to simulate repetitive loadings. Laboratory tests were performed on CIPP lined CI pipes in accordance with the analytical model. By concentrating on cracked sections of CI pipe, the mechanical aging tests provide quantitative means of characterizing the liner performance under the most severe conditions that would be anticipated during general operations.

Repetitive loading effects on cast iron pipelines with cast-in-place pipe lining systems

The pull-out capacities for soil nailing systems comprising of one single 29 mm diameter (type A) and four 16 mm diameter (type B) rebars with grouted cement were examined. A field test and numerical analysis for the type A and type B systems were carried out to investigate the pull-out capacities and the slope stability reinforcement efficiency in soil and rock slopes. The results of the pull-out tests show the mobilized shear force and load transfer characteristics with respect to soil depth. The load−displacement relationship was examined for both type A and type B systems. Slope stability analyses were carried out to study the relationships between soil and nail reinforcement and bending stiffness as well as combined axial tension and shear forces. Factors of safety were calculated in relation to the number of nails and their outside diameters. Both soil and rock slopes were included in this evaluation.

Sang-Soo Jeon

Papers

Earthquake Response of Underground Pipeline Networks in Christchurch, NZ:

Northridge Earthquake Effects on Pipelines and Residential Buildings

Mechanical Characteristics of Light-Weighted Soils Using Dredged Materials

Repetitive loading effects on cast iron pipelines with cast-in-place pipe lining systems

Pull-out tests and slope stability analyses of nailing systems comprising single and multi rebars with grouted cement