Background Oils and fats have many functions in food product preparation. Quality, stability and nutritional features of oils are the most important factors in food technology. There is no pure oil with good functional and nutritional properties and appropriate oxidative stability. Therefore, vegetable oils are modified using different methods to enhance their commercial applications and to improve their nutritional quality. Modification methods are hydrogenation, interesterification, fractionation and blending. Scope and approach Trans isomers of fatty acids formed during hydrogenation are known to have negative effects on health. Interesterification needs special equipment and is more expensive. Fractionation is also applicable only for some fats/oils. Blending should not have any adverse effects on health attributes. Blending vegetable fats/oils with different compositions and properties is one of the simplest methods to create new specific products with desired textural, oxidative and nutritional properties which lead to improved industrial applications. Key findings and conclusions This paper is a brief review of recent publications on the positive advantages of blending vegetable oils with different properties to obtain new oil mixtures. There are many researches on oil blending, and results show that oil blending is widely used in food industry to produce blended oils with improved stability and nutritional characteristics at an affordable price. In the future, there are also many economical and health reasons for the production of new oil blends using new and conventional oil sources to be introduced to the market.

Vegetable oil blending: A review of physicochemical, nutritional and health effects

Mast cells are essential in allergic immune responses. Recent discoveries have revealed their direct participation in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Although more sophisticated mechanisms are still unknown, data from animal studies suggest that mast cells act similarly to macrophages and other inflammatory cells and contribute to human diseases through cell–cell interactions and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteases to induce inflammatory cell recruitment, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, and matrix protein remodeling. Reduced cardiovascular complications and improved metabolic symptoms in animals receiving over-the-counter antiallergy medications that stabilize mast cells open another era of mast cell biology and bring new hope to human patients suffering from these conditions.

Emerging Role of Mast Cells and Macrophages in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) plays important roles in regulating renal hemodynamics and functions, as well as in the pathophysiology of hypertension and renal disease. In the kidney, angiotensin II (Ang II) production is controlled by independent multiple mechanisms. Ang II is compartmentalized in the renal interstitial fluid with much higher concentrations than those existing in the circulation. Inappropriate activation of the intrarenal RAAS is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of hypertension and renal injury. It has been revealed that intrarenal Ang II levels are predominantly regulated by angiotensinogen and therefore, urinary angiotensinogen could be a biomarker for intrarenal Ang II generation. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that aldosterone contributes to the progression of renal injury via direct actions on glomerular podocytes, mesangial cells, proximal tubular cells and tubulo-interstitial fibroblasts through the activation of locally expressed mineralocorticoid receptor. Thus, it now appears that intrarenal RAAS is independently regulated and its inappropriate activation contributes to the pathogenesis of the development of hypertension and renal disease. This short review article will focus on the independent regulation of the intrarenal RAAS with an emphasis on the specific role of angiotensinogen.

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Independent regulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the kidney.

Background Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most popular staple food grain and an important source of fibre, energy, minerals, vitamins, and other biomolecules. Rice parts exhibited a number of health beneficial effect in pre-clinical/clinical studies. Rice constituents are getting popularity in preparation of pharmaceutical adjuvant, food additives and supplements. Scope & approach In this paper, we summarized the available literature on health-promoting and therapeutic activity of rice and rice biomolecules, and biomolecules, along with the scope of rice in pharmaceutical and food industry. In addition, we discussed the possible molecular mechanisms of action of the rice/rice part/biomolecules. Key findings Vitamin E, γ-oryzanol, phenolic acids (i.e. ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid), anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (i.e. epicatechin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), flavonoids (i.e. quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, tricin), carotenoids (i.e. lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene) and phytosterol (i.e. stigmasterol, β-sitosterol) are some key rice biomolecules. Promoting endogenous antioxidants, scavenging free radicals, suppression of inflammatory/pro-inflammatory cytokinins (i.e. interleukin 6, cyclooxygenase, tumor necrosis factor, NOS) are some key antioxidant, anti-inflammatory mechanism of rice biomolecules. Rice bran cause apoptosis, inhibit DNA synthesis of cancer cell. Rice bran and biomolecules found effective against diabetes by enhancing insulin release and glucose uptake, inhibiting β-cell destruction, insulin resistance, carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme and AGE formation. Rice bran/rice bran oil enhanced LDL receptor, CYP7A1, SREBP-2 and excretion of faecal cholesterol and bile acid, while reduced cholesterol absorption, HMG-CoA reductase, fatty acid synthase. Rice and its biomolecules also exhibited nephroprotective, neuroprotective, GIT protective activity. Rice starch is getting importance in the pharmaceutical industry as an adjuvant.

Rice - not just a staple food: A comprehensive review on its phytochemicals and therapeutic potential

Stroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Prevention aimed at risk factors of stroke is the most effective strategy to curb the stroke pandemic. Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for stroke. Despite the substantial evidence of the benefits of lowering blood pressure, conventional treatment does not normalize the burden of major cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Fully understanding the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke helps to develop new strategies for stroke prevention. Antihypertensive therapies selected should have positive blood pressure-independent effects on stroke risk. This review summarizes the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and arterial baroreflex dysfunction, and potential strategies for its prevention, therefore, provides clues for clinicians.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00264.x

From hypertension to stroke: mechanisms and potential prevention strategies.

https://www.lipidjournal.com/article/S1933-2874(15)00472-9/pdf

A blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure and improves the lipid profile in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients

A Blend of Sesame and Rice Bran Oils Lowers Hyperglycemia and Improves the Lipids.

Rice bran oil (RBO) is gaining popularity among other traditionally used cooking oils because of its better cooking quality, prolonged shelf life and well-balanced fatty acid composition as well as the presence of many antioxidant components. RBO has lower viscosity and relatively high smoke point, which make it as healthy cooking oil. RBO is rich in vitamin E (both tocopherols and tocotrienols) and bioactive phytonutrients, which include phytosterols, γ-oryzanol, squalene and triterpene alcohols. All of these compounds exhibit high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolaemic, antidiabetic and anticancer activities. The dietary intake of RBO has been reported to lower the levels of blood cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose and can help to reduce inflammation and symptoms of metabolic syndrome. RBO helps to boost the immune system and prevent the process of premature ageing and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Because of its cardiac-friendly phytochemicals and antioxidant potentials, RBO has been categorized as healthy edible oil for human consumption and has attained the status of “heart-healthy oil”. As per scientific evidences, it is suggested that a daily intake of 50 g of RBO besides dietary and lifestyle modifications may be considered enough to attain its beneficial effects in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, in particular the cardiovascular diseases. This chapter discusses the nutritional and phytochemical components of RBO, their mechanism of action as well as health benefits in the prevention and management of chronic diseases.

Nutritional and Health Benefits of Rice Bran Oil

The aim of the present study was to determine whether long-term high salt intake in the drinking water induces hypertension in wild-type (WT) mice and whether a chymase inhibitor or other antihypertensive drugs could reverse the increase of blood pressure. Eight-week-old male WT mice were supplied with drinking water containing 2% salt for 12 wk (high-salt group) or high-salt drinking water plus an oral chymase inhibitor (TPC-806) at four different doses (25, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg), captopril (75 mg/kg), losartan (100 mg/kg), hydrochlorothiazide (3 mg/kg), eplerenone (200 mg/kg), or amlodipine (6 mg/kg). Control groups were given normal water with or without the chymase inhibitor. Blood pressure and heart rate gradually showed a significant increase in the high-salt group, whereas a dose-dependent depressor effect of the chymase inhibitor was observed. There was also partial improvement of hypertension in the losartan- and eplerenone-treated groups but not in the captopril-, hydrochlorothiazide-, and amlodipine-treated groups. A high salt load significantly increased chymase-dependent ANG II-forming activity in the alimentary tract. In addition, the relative contribution of chymase to ANG II formation, but not actual average activity, showed a significant increase in skin and skeletal muscle, whereas angiotensin-converting enzyme-dependent ANG II-forming activity and its relative contribution were reduced by high salt intake. Plasma and urinary renin-angiotensin system components were significantly increased in the high-salt group but were significantly suppressed in the chymase inhibitor-treated group. In conclusion, 2% salt water drinking for 12 wk caused moderate hypertension and activated the renin-angiotensin system in WT mice. A chymase inhibitor suppressed both the elevation of blood pressure and heart rate, indicating a definite involvement of chymase in salt-sensitive hypertension.

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpheart.00721.2014

Sankar Devarajan

Papers

A blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure and improves the lipid profile in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients

A Blend of Sesame and Rice Bran Oils Lowers Hyperglycemia and Improves the Lipids.

Nutritional and Health Benefits of Rice Bran Oil

Depressor effect of chymase inhibitor in mice with high salt-induced moderate hypertension.

Iconography : A Blend of Sesame and Rice Bran Oils Lowers Hyperglycemia and Improves the Lipids