Representative samples (as defined in section 1.5, chapter 1) from the economic zone of the lower Mn orebody, including the lithostratigraphic zones M, C and N, from eight drill cores in the study area (Fig. 1.4) were selected for whole rock chemical analysis to represent all stages of supergene alteration. Although the X-zone has very good manganese grades, it was not used for modeling purposes, as it is eroded over large parts of the suboutcrop area below the Kalahari Formation and very few drill cores intersect strongly supergene altered X-zone. Among the 8 selected drill cores Rex 16, 44 and 85 represent the geochemistry of unaltered braunite lutite protore, Rex 70, 71 and Rex 74 represent weakly supergene, and Rex 2 and 24 strongly supergene altered braunite lutite (Fig. 4.1). It is important to note that for comparative purposes and mass balance calculations, it was necessary to link supergene altered samples to unaltered reference samples of the same lithostratigraphic zone from different core intersections (Table 4.1). To assure compatibility, unaltered reference samples were selected from drill cores located in close proximity to the altered drill cores to be evaluated. Consequently, samples from REX 16 are reference for REX 2, 24 and 74, and samples from REX 85 are used as reference for REX 70 and 71 (Fig.4.1).

Geochemistry (地球化学・前半)

1. Sediments and Methods of Their Study 2. Erosional Processes 2.1. Weathering 2.2. Transport 3. Depositional Processes and Sediment Types 3.1. Features of Detrital Sediments 3.2. Bedforms and Sedimentary Structures 3.3. Trace Fossils 3.4. Gravity Flows 3.5. Classification of Detrital Sediments 3.6. Origin of Chemogenic and Biogenic Sediments 3.7. Classification of Carbonate Rocks 4. Depositional Environments 4.1. Arid Continental Environments 4.2. Humid Continental Environments 4.3. Glacial Sediments 4.4. Shallow Marine Sediments 4.5. Deep Marine Sediments 5. Sedimentary Basins and Their Types and Preservation 6. The Facies Concept and Multi-Story Sedimentary Packages 7. Post-Depositional Processes 8. Sediment Utilization Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch

堆積岩 = Sedimentary rocks

Tectonic, magmatic, and metallogenic evolution of the Tethyan orogen: From subduction to collision

Challenges and new opportunities on barrier performance of biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging

Flow-induced crystallization (FIC) is a typical nonequilibrium phase transition and a core industry subject for the largest group of commercially useful polymeric materials: semicrystalline polymers. A fundamental understanding of FIC can benefit the research of nonequilibrium ordering in matter systems and help to tailor the ultimate properties of polymeric materials. Concerning the crystallization process, flow can accelerate the kinetics by orders of magnitude and induce the formation of oriented crystallites like shish-kebab, which are associated with the major influences of flow on nucleation, that is, raised nucleation density and oriented nuclei. The topic of FIC has been studied for more than half a century. Recently, there have been many developments in experimental approaches, such as synchrotron radiation X-ray scattering, ultrafast X-ray detectors with a time resolution down to the order of milliseconds, and novel laboratory devices to mimic the severe flow field close to real processing condi...

Multiscale and Multistep Ordering of Flow-Induced Nucleation of Polymers.

The Walash and Naopurdan groups are incorporated into the lower allochthonous thrust sheet in the Iraqi Zagros Suture Zone (IZSZ). 40Ar–39Ar dates on magmatic feldspar separates from both Walash and Naopurdan volcanic rocks indicate an Eocene–Oligocene age (43.01 ± 0.15 to 24.31 ± 0.60 Ma). The Walash and Naopurdan groups form a thrust sheet that is structurally overlain by an upper allochthon of Cretaceous arc-related rocks (106–92 Ma) now known as the Hasanbag igneous complex (formerly known as the Gemo–Qandil Group). The Walash and Naopurdan lower allochthon is thrust over the foreland basin Red Beds series. Volcanic and subvolcanic units in the Walash and Naopurdan groups were studied from the Mawat, Galalah–Choman, Leren, and Qalander–Sheikhan provinces. Most of these rocks are basaltic to andesitic for both the Naopurdan and Walash suites. The petrographic study shows that these rocks are affected by metamorphic alteration under greenschist facies conditions, but preserve primary porphyritic textures with some relict igneous plagioclase, pyroxene, and hornblende. The enrichments in LREE/HREE and high Th/Nb and Nb/Zr show that the Walash and Naopurdan rocks have distinct subduction-related signatures: specifically island-arc tholeiite for the Naopurdan and calc-alkaline to alkaline for the Walash suites. Hence the Walash and Naopurdan suites are back-arc and arc systems, respectively, that developed 43–24 Ma. Accordingly, the IZSZ contains a full record of Neo-Tethys pre-collision-related volcanism in dual subduction settings, from the Early Cretaceous (Hasanbag igneous complex) to the Eocene–Oligocene (Walash–Naopurdan suites). Final continent–continent collision started when the last of the Neo-Tethys Ocean was subducted beneath the Iranian continent, resulting in its collision with the Arabian Plate, probably during the Middle Miocene. This reinforces a continuity of events along the entire edge of the Arabian Plate from Turkey, through Iraq and Iran, and into Oman.

/pdf/the-tectonic-evolution-of-a-neo-tethyan-eocene-oligocene-27o6bs92ka.pdf

The tectonic evolution of a Neo-Tethyan (Eocene-Oligocene) island-arc (Walash and Naopurdan groups) in the Kurdistan region of the Northeast Iraqi Zagros Suture Zone

The Hasanbag igneous complex is situated near Sidekan, 100 km northeast of Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, within the Iraqi Zagros suture zone. It forms part of an ophiolite-bearing terrane referred to as the "Upper Allochthon" or Gemo-Qandil Group. The Hasanbag igneous complex consists predominantly of calc-alkaline basaltic andesites to andesites cut by microgabbro and diorite dikes, which previously were interpreted as a part of the Eocene Walash volcanic group. However, 40 Ar- 39 Ar dates on Hasanbag igneous complex kaersutite (magmatic hornblende) indicate an Albian–Cenomanian age (106–92 Ma). This reveals a previously unrecognized portion of the Late Cretaceous, Neotethyan ophiolite-arc complexes in the Iraqi Zagros suture zone that may well represent lateral equivalents of the ophiolite-arc sequences in Oman-Neyriz and Cyprus. Plagioclase in all rock types has been strongly albitized, such that vestiges of more calcic igneous plagioclase are rare. Other relict igneous silicates are kaersutite, augite (Wo 44.46 -En 46.43 -Fs 9.1 ), and rarely anorthoclase. The whole-rock geochemical variation can be explained by fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, hornblende, magnetite, and apatite but with superimposed alteration. Nb/Yb-Th/Yb relationships show that all the samples fall within the compositional field of arc-related rocks and above the field of the mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB)–ocean island basalt (OIB) mantle array. Hasanbag igneous complex samples show enrichment relative to normal (N)-MORB in the large ion lithophile elements and depletion in the high field strength elements, with characteristic Nb-Ta troughs. Hence, they were generated from the mantle wedge within a suprasubduction-zone setting influenced by volatile components from the downgoing slab. The Hasanbag igneous complex shows similar geochemical trends to arc rocks from Neyriz in southwestern Iran. We interpret the Hasanbag igneous complex as a remnant of the Late Cretaceous ophiolite-arc system (named here the Hasanbag arc complex) that developed within the Neotethys Ocean and was subsequently accreted to the Arabian plate during the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene. This represents the first time in Iraq that Late Cretaceous ophiolite-arc complexes have been identified in the Iraqi Zagros collision zone. The Hasanbag arc complex is unequivocally separated from the lithologically similar but younger Eocene–Oligocene Walash-Naopurdan arc-backarc complex, in the same general area but in a structurally lower thrust slice.

/pdf/recognition-of-late-cretaceous-hasanbag-ophiolite-arc-rocks-1uw4kv6vc8.pdf

Recognition of Late Cretaceous Hasanbag ophiolite-arc rocks in the Kurdistan Region of the Iraqi Zagros suture zone: A missing link in the paleogeography of the closing Neotethys Ocean

Combining a homemade film blowing machine and an in situ synchrotron radiation source with small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) capability, an investigation of film blowing of pol...

From Molecular Entanglement Network to Crystal-Cross-Linked Network and Crystal Scaffold during Film Blowing of Polyethylene: An in Situ Synchrotron Radiation Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Study

With a combination of fast extension rheometer and in situ synchrotron radiation ultra-fast small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, flow-induced crystallization (FIC) of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is studied at temperatures below and above the melting point of α crystals (Tmα). A flow phase diagram of iPP is constructed in strain rate-temperature space, composing of melt, non-crystalline shish, α and α&β coexistence regions, based on which the kinetic and dynamic competitions among these four phases are discussed. Above Tmα , imposing strong flow reverses thermodynamic stabilities of the disordered melt and the ordered phases, leading to the occurrence of FIC of β and α crystals as a dynamic phase transition. Either increasing temperature or stain rate favors the competiveness of the metastable β over the stable α crystals, which is attributed to kinetic rate rather than thermodynamic stability. The violent competitions among four phases near the boundary of crystal-melt may frustrate crystallization and result in the non-crystalline shish winning out.

Extensional Flow-Induced Dynamic Phase Transitions in Isotactic Polypropylene.

Tectono-stratigraphic units within the Zagros Orogen in northeast Iraq (foreland) and northwest Iran (hinterland) are correlated to provide an integrated map along the collision zone. Access to this part of Iraq during the past four decades has been limited due to geopolitical situation. Structural cross-sections across the Zagros Suture Zone in this area reveal the relationships between the tectonic terranes of various ages and different origins. Terranes of oceanic affinity have accreted onto the Arabian plate during collision-accretion events that started in the Late Cretaceous. The collision resulted in closure of the Neotethys Ocean and the construction of a structurally complex suture zone. Jurassic-Cretaceous deep ocean radiolarites of the Qulqula-Kermanshah terrane and ophiolitic melange serpentinites were structurally accreted against the Arabian passive margin during an ophiolite arc-continent collision event in the Late Cretaceous. The overthrust radiolarites and ophiolitic melange terranes initiated the development of the foreland basin overlapping flysch (turbidites) and molasse assemblages on the now active Arabian margin. Eocene-Oligocene volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Walash-Naopurdan-Kamyaran terrane developed as an intra-oceanic island-arc within the intervening Neotethys Ocean. They now structurally overlie the older ophiolite melange and radiolarite terranes as a result of continued convergence onto the margin of the Arabian Plate. These younger thrust sheets and nappes have been transported over the Miocene molasse unit of the Tertiary Red Beds in the flexural foreland basin and covered the Late Cretaceous accretionary complex terranes and foreland basin assemblages. The Qulqula-Kermanshah terrane is exposed in a tectonic window in the northeastern part of the mapped area indicating that the Late Cretaceous accreted terranes occur below the Walash-Naopurdan-Kamyaran thrust sheet. A Late Cretaceous ophiolite-bearing terrane named the “Upper Allochthon” (i.e. Gemo-Qandil nappe, 97-118 Ma) was emplaced by younger thrust sheets over the Eocene-Oligocene Walash-Naopurdan-Kamyaran terrane by out-of-sequence thrusting. Mesozoic metamorphic rocks from the hinterland, including volcanic and intrusive rocks of the active Iranian continental margin (Sanandaj-Sirjan zone), were emplaced during continent-continent collision and occur in the youngest nappes and klippes along the Zagros Suture Zone. Keywords : Iraq; Iran; Neotethys; Tectonic; Zagros

/pdf/tectono-stratigraphy-and-general-structure-of-the-4cn834et4f.pdf

Sarmad A Ali

Papers

The tectonic evolution of a Neo-Tethyan (Eocene-Oligocene) island-arc (Walash and Naopurdan groups) in the Kurdistan region of the Northeast Iraqi Zagros Suture Zone

Recognition of Late Cretaceous Hasanbag ophiolite-arc rocks in the Kurdistan Region of the Iraqi Zagros suture zone: A missing link in the paleogeography of the closing Neotethys Ocean

From Molecular Entanglement Network to Crystal-Cross-Linked Network and Crystal Scaffold during Film Blowing of Polyethylene: An in Situ Synchrotron Radiation Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Study

Extensional Flow-Induced Dynamic Phase Transitions in Isotactic Polypropylene.

Tectono-stratigraphy and general structure of the northwestern Zagros collision zone across the Iraq-Iran border