Solar Engineering Of Thermal Processes

Energy is a vital input for social and economic development. As a result of the generalization of agricultural, industrial and domestic activities the demand for energy has increased remarkably, especially in emergent countries. This has meant rapid grower in the level of greenhouse gas emissions and the increase in fuel prices, which are the main driving forces behind efforts to utilize renewable energy sources more effectively, i.e. energy which comes from natural resources and is also naturally replenished. Despite the obvious advantages of renewable energy, it presents important drawbacks, such as the discontinuity of generation, as most renewable energy resources depend on the climate, which is why their use requires complex design, planning and control optimization methods. Fortunately, the continuous advances in computer hardware and software are allowing researchers to deal with these optimization problems using computational resources, as can be seen in the large number of optimization methods that have been applied to the renewable and sustainable energy field. This paper presents a review of the current state of the art in computational optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy, offering a clear vision of the latest research advances in this field.

Optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy: A review

Solar and Terrestrial Radiation

Microgrids are now emerging from lab benches and pilot demonstration sites into commercial markets, driven by technological improvements, falling costs, a proven track record, and growing recognition of their benefits. They are being used to improve reliability and resilience of electrical grids, to manage the addition of distributed clean energy resources like wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) generation to reduce fossil fuel emissions, and to provide electricity in areas not served by centralized electrical infrastructure. This review article (1) explains what a microgrid is, and (2) provides a multi-disciplinary portrait of today's microgrid drivers, real-world applications, challenges, and future prospects.

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Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues

Hybrid energy systems are being utilized for supplying electrical energy in urban, rural and remote areas to overcome the intermittence of solar and wind resources. A hybrid renewable energy system incorporates two or more electricity generation options based on renewable energy or fossil fuel unit. The techno-economic analysis of the hybrid system is essential for the efficient utilization of renewable energy resources. Due to multiple generation systems, hybrid system analysis, is quite complex and requires to be analyzed thoroughly. This requires software tools for the design, analysis, optimization, and economic viability of the systems. In this paper, 19 softwares with their main features and current status are presented. The softwares studied are HOMER, Hybrid2, RETScreen, iHOGA, INSEL, TRNSYS, iGRHYSO, HYBRIDS, RAPSIM, SOMES, SOLSTOR, HySim, HybSim, IPSYS, HySys, Dymola/Modelica, ARES, SOLSIM, and HYBRID DESIGNER. The research work related to hybrid systems carried out using these softwares at different locations worldwide is also reviewed. The main objective of the paper is to provide the current status of these softwares to provide basic insight for a researcher to identify and utilize suitable tool for research and development studies of hybrid systems. The capabilities of different softwares are also highlighted. The limitations, availability and areas of further research have also been identified.

Review of software tools for hybrid renewable energy systems

The wind and solar energy are omnipresent, freely available, and environmental friendly. The wind energy systems may not be technically viable at all sites because of low wind speeds and being more unpredictable than solar energy. The combined utilization of these renewable energy sources are therefore becoming increasingly attractive and are being widely used as alternative of oil-produced energy. Economic aspects of these renewable energy technologies are sufficiently promising to include them for rising power generation capability in developing countries. A renewable hybrid energy system consists of two or more energy sources, a power conditioning equipment, a controller and an optional energy storage system. These hybrid energy systems are becoming popular in remote area power generation applications due to advancements in renewable energy technologies and substantial rise in prices of petroleum products. Research and development efforts in solar, wind, and other renewable energy technologies are required to continue for, improving their performance, establishing techniques for accurately predicting their output and reliably integrating them with other conventional generating sources. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of the design, operation and control requirement of the stand-alone PV solar–wind hybrid energy systems with conventional backup source i.e. diesel or grid. This Paper also highlights the future developments, which have the potential to increase the economic attractiveness of such systems and their acceptance by the user.

A current and future state of art development of hybrid energy system using wind and PV-solar: A review

Particle swarm optimization is a stochastic optimization, evolutionary and simulating algorithm derived from human behaviour and animal behaviour as well. Special property of particle swarm optimization is that it can be operated in continuous real number space directly, does not use gradient of an objective function similar to other algorithms. Particle swarm optimization has few parameters to adjust, is easy to implement and has special characteristic of memory. Paper presents extensive review of literature available on concept, development and modification of Particle swarm optimization. This paper is structured as first concept and development of PSO is discussed then modification with inertia weight and constriction factor is discussed. Issues related to parameter tuning, dynamic environments, stagnation, and hybridization are also discussed, including a brief review of selected works on particle swarm optimization, followed by application of PSO in Solar Photovoltaics.

Review article: A review of particle swarm optimization and its applications in Solar Photovoltaic system

Electrical power industry restructuring has created highly vibrant and competitive market that altered many aspects of the power industry. In this changed scenario, scarcity of energy resources, increasing power generation cost, environment concern, ever growing demand for electrical energy necessitate optimal economic dispatch. Practical economic dispatch (ED) problems have nonlinear, non-convex type objective function with intense equality and inequality constraints. The conventional optimization methods are not able to solve such problems as due to local optimum solution convergence. Meta-heuristic optimization techniques especially particle swarm optimization (PSO) has gained an incredible recognition as the solution algorithm for such type of ED problems in last decade. The application of PSO in ED problem, which is considered as one of the most complex optimization problem has been summarized in present paper.

Economic dispatch using particle swarm optimization: A review

Comparative study of isotropic and anisotropic sky models to estimate solar radiation incident on tilted surface: A case study for Bhopal, India

Energy storage now a days is becoming an imperative part of renewable energy. With the massive growth of renewable energy sources, energy storage can play a substantial role in renewable energy integration in India. It is beneficial for entire supply chain mainly due to enhanced electric power quality, dependability and better grid stability. Thus, lowering renewable energy intermittency, with increased user-friendliness and accessibility of electrical energy in remote places and reduction in harmful emissions. This paper Part-I of two papers primarily presents an overview of the selected energy storage technologies like Pumped hydro energy storage, Compressed air energy storage, Battery energy storage, Flywheel, Supercapacitors, Hydrogen energy storage, Superconducting magnetic energy storage, and Thermal energy storage. It highlights driving factors for growing energy storage in India. A comprehensive comparison of various technical characteristics and features of these technologies is also discussed.

Saroj Rangnekar

Papers

A current and future state of art development of hybrid energy system using wind and PV-solar: A review

Review article: A review of particle swarm optimization and its applications in Solar Photovoltaic system

Economic dispatch using particle swarm optimization: A review

Comparative study of isotropic and anisotropic sky models to estimate solar radiation incident on tilted surface: A case study for Bhopal, India

An overview of energy storage and its importance in Indian renewable energy sector: Part I – Technologies and Comparison