Soil Chemical Analysis

The body encloses a complex antioxidant defence grid that relies on endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. These molecules collectively act against free radicals to resist their damag...

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/bafm/article/download/182149/171529

First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were initially recognized as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism. In recent years, it has become apparent that ROS plays an important signaling role in plants, controlling processes such as growth, development and especially response to biotic and abiotic environmental stimuli. The major members of the ROS family include free radicals like O2● −, OH● and non-radicals like H2O2 and 1O2. The ROS production in plants is mainly localized in the chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes. There are secondary sites as well like the endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, cell wall and the apoplast. The role of the ROS family is that of a double edged sword; while they act as secondary messengers in various key physiological phenomena, they also induce oxidative damages under several environmental stress conditions like salinity, drought, cold, heavy metals, UV irradiation etc., when the delicate balance between ROS production and elimination, necessary for normal cellular homeostasis, is disturbed. The cellular damages are manifested in the form of degradation of biomolecules like pigments, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA, which ultimately amalgamate in plant cellular death. To ensure survival, plants have developed efficient antioxidant machinery having two arms, (i) enzymatic components like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR); (ii) non-enzymatic antioxidants like ascorbic acid (AA), reduced glutathione (GSH), α-tocopherol, carotenoids, flavonoids and the osmolyte proline. These two components work hand in hand to scavenge ROS. In this review, we emphasize on the different types of ROS, their cellular production sites, their targets, and their scavenging mechanism mediated by both the branches of the antioxidant systems, highlighting the potential role of antioxidant

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants

All plants are inhabited internally by diverse microbial communities comprising bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protistic taxa. These microorganisms showing endophytic lifestyles play crucial roles in plant development, growth, fitness, and diversification. The increasing awareness of and information on endophytes provide insight into the complexity of the plant microbiome. The nature of plant-endophyte interactions ranges from mutualism to pathogenicity. This depends on a set of abiotic and biotic factors, including the genotypes of plants and microbes, environmental conditions, and the dynamic network of interactions within the plant biome. In this review, we address the concept of endophytism, considering the latest insights into evolution, plant ecosystem functioning, and multipartite interactions.

The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes

Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors, and industrially important biochemicals. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. Secondary metabolites play a major role in the adaptation of plants to the environment and in overcoming stress conditions. Environmental factors viz. temperature, humidity, light intensity, the supply of water, minerals, and CO2 influence the growth of a plant and secondary metabolite production. Drought, high salinity, and freezing temperatures are environmental conditions that cause adverse effects on the growth of plants and the productivity of crops. Plant cell culture technologies have been effective tools for both studying and producing plant secondary metabolites under in vitro conditions and for plant improvement. This brief review summarizes the influence of different abiotic factors include salt, drought, light, heavy metals, frost etc. o...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/psb.6.11.17613

Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants

Indoleamines (Serotonin and Melatonin) and Calcium-Mediated Signaling in Plants

Biotechnology and crop improvement under changing environment: Current interventions

Tel: 01262393596 The functional cellular proteome machinery depends on the protein folding and unfolding within the cell. The primary amino acid sequence and the chaperone activity play a significant role in proper protein folding [1]. Chaperone interacts with nascent polypeptide and helps in proper folding and formation of stable protein complexes [2]. Molecular chaperone prevents inappropriate interand intra-molecular interactions among polypeptides. Immunophilins are the receptors for immunosuppressant drug consist of two large groups of proteins called ‘cyclophilins’ (receptors for cyclosporine A, CYPs) and FK506binding proteins (FKBPs). Cyclophilins are ubiquitous proteins found to be present in all organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals [3]. Cyclophilins are involved in a wide range of cellular processes like protein folding, protein complex stabilization, cell division, protein trafficking, cell signalling, transcriptional regulation, pre-mRNA splicing and stress tolerance [4,5].

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Sarvajeet Singh Gill

Papers

Indoleamines (Serotonin and Melatonin) and Calcium-Mediated Signaling in Plants

Biotechnology and crop improvement under changing environment: Current interventions

Cyclophilin: A Versatile Chaperone of Biological System

Comparative genomic analysis reveals evolutionary and structural attributes of MCM gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa.

Approaches for identification and analysis of plant Circular RNAs and their role in stress responses