Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins.

SUMMARY Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal found as an environmental contaminant, both through natural occurrence and from industrial and agricultural sources. Foodstuffs are the main source of cadmium exposure for the non-smoking general population. Cadmium absorption after dietary exposure in humans is relatively low (3–5 %) but cadmium is efficiently retained in the kidney and liver in the human body, with a very long biological half-life ranging from 10 to 30 years. Cadmium is primarily toxic to the kidney, especially to the proximal tubular cells where it accumulates over time and may cause renal dysfunction. Cadmium can also cause bone demineralisation, either through direct bone damage or indirectly as a result of renal dysfunction. After prolonged and/or high exposure the tubular damage may progress to decreased glomerular filtration rate, and eventually to renal failure. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified cadmium as a human carcinogen (Group 1) on the basis of occupational studies. Newer data on human exposure to cadmium in the general population have been statistically associated with increased risk of cancer such as in the lung, endometrium, bladder, and breast. Cadmium bioavailability, retention and consequently toxicity are affected by several factors such as nutritional status (low body iron stores) and multiple pregnancies, preexisting health conditions or diseases. A health based guidance value for cadmium of 7 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) per week (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI)) was established previously by the Joint 1 For citation purposes: Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European

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Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Biosynthesis and Function of Polyacetylenes and Allied Natural Products

Naturally occurring new triterpenoid saponins reported from mid-1996 to March, 2007 are reviewed including their physical constants and plant sources, and are compiled in Table 1. New saponins are arranged in Table 1 on the basis of the skeletal structures of their aglycones, e.g., oleanane type, ursane type, lupane type, hopane type, taraxastane type, cycloartane type, lanostane type, tirucallane type, dammarane type, cucurbitane type, and holostane type. The known triterpenoid saponins and prosapogenins of the new saponins, the biological and pharmacological activities of which were published during 1996-2007, are also reviewed together with their plant sources listed in Table 2 according to the skeletal structures of their aglycones in the same fashion as in Table 1. The plant and animal sources of both new and known bioactive triterpenoid saponins are collected in Table 3 in alphabetical order. The biological and pharmacological activities such as antiallergic, antiatherosclerosis and antiplatelet, antibacterial, anticomplementary, antidiabetic, contraceptive, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, antimalarial/antiplasmodial, anti-obesity, anti-proliferative, antipsoriatic, antispasmodic, antisweet, antiviral, cytotoxic/antitumor, detoxication, gastroprotective, haemolytic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-enzyme, anti-osteoporotic, insecticidal, insulin-like, membrane-porosity, molluscicidal, neuropharmacological, anti-endothelial dysfunction, snake venom antidote, and sweet activities of these saponins or derived prosapogenins are discussed briefly after Table 3.

Naturally Occurring Triterpenoid Saponins

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Analysis of triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Four new oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, madlongisides A-D (1-4), were isolated from the seeds of Madhuca longifolia, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive NMR experiments and chemical methods. Also obtained in this investigation were the known compounds mimusopside A, Mi-saponins A, B, and C, and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl protobassic acid.

New oleanene triterpenoid saponins from Madhuca longifolia.

Eight new lanostanoids, 12α,15β-dihydroxy-3,7,11,23-tetraoxolanost-8,(20Z)(22)-dien-26-oic acid (1), 7β,8β-epoxy-15β,20S-dihydroxy-3,12,23-trioxolanost-9(11),16-dien-26-oic acid (2), 7β,8β-epoxy-3β,15β,20S-trihydroxy-12,23-dioxolanost-9(11),16-dien-26-oic acid (3), 7β,8β-epoxy-2α,3β,15β,20S-tetrahydroxy-12,23-dioxolanost-9(11),16-dien-26-oic acid (4), 7β,8β-epoxy-3β,15β,20S,28-tetrahydroxy-12,23-dioxolanost-9(11),16-dien-26-oic acid (5), 7β,8β-epoxy-3β,15β,19,20S-tetrahydroxy-12,23-dioxolanost-9(11),16-dien-26-oic acid (6), 8β,15β,20S-trihydroxy-3,7,12,23-tetraoxolanost-9(11),16-dien-26-oic acid (7), 7α,8α-epoxy-15β,23ξ-dihydroxy-12-oxo-3,4-secolanost-4(28),9(11),(20Z)(22)-trien-3,26-dioic acid (8), and the methyl ester of 8 (8a) were isolated from the fruit bodies of Elfvingia applanata. Their structures were established primarily by NMR experiments, and their biological activity against Kato III and Ehlrich cells was investigated.

New Lanostanoids, Elfvingic Acids A−H, from the Fruit Body of Elfvingia applanata

The remaining unas-signed carbon at d159.2 (s) was given the long-range corre-lation from the doublet proton at d6.90, which was showinggeminal coupling with H-3 at d4.87(m). These observationsrecognized the presence of the urea junction at C-3 position,in addition to taking its molecular formula into considera-tion. Next, the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) interactionswere observed between H-3/H-2a, H-3/H-2b, H-3/NH, andH-3/H-4, in turn, NH/H-1a, suggesting a-orientation of theureido group at C-3. Accordingly, these studies led to struc-ture

Two New Steroidal Derivatives from the Fruit Body of Chlorophyllum molybdites

A new benzofuran glycoside, masutakeside I (1) and a new C10 acetylenic acid, masutakic acid A (2) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the fungus Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus. Their structures were established by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The known compounds 3-6 were also obtained and identified as egonol, demethoxyegonol, egonol glucoside and egonol gentiobioside. Some of these compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against Kato III cells.

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Satoshi Katayama

Papers

New oleanene triterpenoid saponins from Madhuca longifolia.

New Lanostanoids, Elfvingic Acids A−H, from the Fruit Body of Elfvingia applanata

Two New Steroidal Derivatives from the Fruit Body of Chlorophyllum molybdites

A benzofuran glycoside and an acetylenic acid from the fungus Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus.

A Benzofuran Glycoside and an Acetylenic Acid from the Fungus Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus.