THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Medscape

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

What future for zirconia as a biomaterial

Glueballs, Hybrids, Multiquarks. Experimental facts versus QCD inspired concepts

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is the most common bearing material in total joint arthroplasty due to its unique combination of superior mechanical properties and wear resistance over other polymers. A great deal of research in recent decades has focused on further improving its performances, in order to provide durable implants in young and active patients. From “historical”, gamma-air sterilized polyethylenes, to the so-called first and second generation of highly crosslinked materials, a variety of different formulations have progressively appeared in the market. This paper reviews the structure–properties relationship of these materials, with a particular emphasis on the in vitro and in vivo wear performances, through an analysis of the existing literature.

/pdf/ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene-influence-of-the-3v7f7qhgba.pdf

Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene: Influence of the Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties on the Wear Behavior. A Review

Replacement surgery of hip joint consists of the substitution of the joint with an implant able to recreate the articulation functionality. This article aims to review the current state of the art of the biomaterials used for hip implants. Hip implants can be realized with different combination of materials, such as metals, ceramics and polymers. In this review, we analyze, from international literature, the specific characteristics required for biomaterials used in hip joint arthroplasty, i.e., being biocompatible, resisting heavy stress, opposing low frictional forces to sliding and having a low wear rate. A commentary on the evolution and actual existing hip prostheses is proposed. We analyzed the scientific literature, collecting information on the material behavior and the human-body response to it. Particular attention has been given to the tribological behavior of the biomaterials, as friction and wear have been key aspects to improve as hip implants evolve. After more than 50 years of evolution, in term of designs and materials, the actual wear rate of the most common implants is low, allowing us to sensibly reduce the risk related to the widespread debris distribution in the human body.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/3/495/pdf

Materials for Hip Prostheses: A Review of Wear and Loading Considerations

Tribology and total hip joint replacement: current concepts in mechanical simulation.

Wear of total hip prosthesis is a significant clinical problem that nowadays involves a growing number of patients. To acquire further knowledge on the tribological phenomena that involve hip prosthesis, wear tests are conducted on new biomaterials to increase materials life in orthopaedic implants. Advances in biomaterials for biomedical purposes have enhanced in the last years evolving in new improved ceramic and polymeric materials producing the so-called composite materials.

This paper aims to review the evolution and the current state of the art of the ceramics composites and polymers commonly used in orthopaedic field as hip joint implants. This is specified through a schematic overview by describing, in particular, the evolution of various composites materials. The authors propose commentary on the evolution and current use of biomaterials for orthopaedic application on the evolution and actually used biomaterials for orthopaedic applications.

Saverio Affatato

Papers

Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene: Influence of the Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties on the Wear Behavior. A Review

Materials for Hip Prostheses: A Review of Wear and Loading Considerations

Tribology and total hip joint replacement: current concepts in mechanical simulation.

Advanced biomaterials in hip joint arthroplasty. A review on polymer and ceramics composites as alternative bearings

Wear behaviour of cross-linked polyethylene assessed in vitro under severe conditions.