...................................................................................................ii DEDICATION................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.....................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE: UNIFYING FOR THE CAUSE: THE ALLIANCE HONEYMOON PERIOD, 1877-1889.....................................................................................................14 CHAPTER TWO: “UNION IT IS”: THE SOUTHERN FARMERS’ ALLIANCE GOES NATIONAL...................................................................................................46 CHAPTER THREE: THE SOUTHERN ALLIANCE AND NATIONAL IDENTITY............81 CHAPTER FOUR: “PATRIOTIC DEVOTION” OR “SECTIONAL BITTERNESS”: RECONCILIATION, PRODUCERISM, AND POLITICS..........................................128 CHAPTER FIVE: OCALA, POLITICS, AND SECTIONALISM..................................174 CHAPTER SIX: SECTIONAL POLITICS AND THE SEEDS OF DESTRUCTION...........212 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................269 VITA.........................................................................................................281

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Sectionalism, Nationalism, And The Agrarian Revolt, 1877-1892

Segregation, Desegregation, Resegregation: African American Education, A Guide to the Literature

Plunging Into the Very Depths of the Souls of Our People: The Life and Art of Aaron Douglas Visual artist Aaron Douglas is widely recognized as an important figure in African American art history. Recent journal articles, exhibitions and exhibition catalogs, and one monograph have begun to catalog his work and offer some biographical information. Yet, the richness of his life and work has yet to be documented. Douglas stands as an example of the complexities of African and American representation and identity formation in the United States from the early twentieth century into the present. His multiple roles as visual artist and storyteller, teacher to younger artists, and active public intellectual provide contexts through which to expand upon and complicate scholarship on Douglas, specifically, and American culture and history more generally.

Plunging Into the Very Depths of the Souls of Our People: The Life and Art of Aaron Douglas

Black migrants transformed Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s. This thesis focuses on Franklin County, Kansas, as an unit of analysis that is demographically and geographically representative of the black migrant experience in the state between 1860 and 1885. This work demonstrates that black migrants gained a secure economic footing in the county by helping to develop prairie into productive farms. Their agricultural labors turned grassland into fertile fields, and their crop yields aided in attracting agriculturally-related industries to the region. As successful farmers who accumulated wealth and property, black migrants created a social space for themselves in Kansas. They did so by building churches, founding mutual aid societies, holding public celebrations, and pushing for civil rights in the educational system. Though they comprised only about 5 percent of the population in 1880, black migrants nonetheless had a large impact on the economic and social arrangements in Franklin County. The achievements of these migrants offers an important corrective to and extension of the historiography of black migration to Kansas, which has primarily focused on the Exoduster migration in 1879 and 1880, when thousands of former slaves from Louisiana and Mississippi made their way to the state. In contrast to the Exoduster migration, which has been identified as a collectivist movement that exhibited a proto-black nationalism, earlier black migrants arrived individually and in smaller numbers. They sought, and achieved, integration into a predominately white society and helped reconfigure Kansas through active engagement in the agrarian economy and grassroots social organization.

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Prairie, Property, and Promise: Black Migrants and Farmers in Kansas, 1860-1885

The Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision was a significant change in social justice and human rights. There is ongoing debate about public education not as a private commodity but as a public good that must be made available on equal terms. Recently, schools are entering an era of second-generation segregation. Poor outcomes, language acquisition programs preventing access to college-readiness courses, and teacher quality are causes for concern. Research on second-generation segregation found that African-American children experience lower rates of academic achievement than their White peers. This was a case study analysis to investigate the impact of teacher preparation and culturally relevant practices related to educational opportunities. The results hold implications on misconceptions of educational improvements for Black children and identify the need to increase cultural responsiveness and an intentional focus on students’ assets and needs.

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Scott Ellsworth

Papers

Ohiyesa: Charles Eastman, Santee Sioux@@@Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921@@@Blacks in Topeka, Kansas, 1865-1915: A Social History