http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13396/1/Gridconnected-renewable-energy-sources-Review-of-the-recent-integration-requirements-and-control-methodsJournal-of-Cleaner-Production.pdf

Grid-connected renewable energy sources: Review of the recent integration requirements and control methods

A thorough analysis of basic electrical-systems considerations is presented. Guidance is provided in design, construction, and continuity of an overall system to achieve safety of life and preservation of property; reliability; simplicity of operation; voltage regulation in the utilization of equipment within the tolerance limits under all load conditions; care and maintenance; and flexibility to permit development and expansion. Recommendations are made regarding system planning; voltage considerations; surge voltage protection; system protective devices; fault calculations; grounding; power switching, transformation, and motor-control apparatus; instruments and meters; cable systems; busways; electrical energy conservation; and cost estimation.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants

The grid denotes the electric grid which consists of communication lines, control stations, transformers, and distributors that aids in supplying power from the electrical plant to the consumers. Presently, the electric grid constitutes humongous power production units which generates millions of megawatts of power distributed across several demographic regions. There is a dire need to efficiently manage this power supplied to the various consumer domains such as industries, smart cities, household and organizations. In this regard, a smart grid with intelligent systems is being deployed to cater the dynamic power requirements. A smart grid system follows the Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) model, in which Information Technology (IT) infrastructure is integrated with physical systems. In the scenario of the smart grid embedded with CPS, the Machine Learning (ML) module is the IT aspect and the power dissipation units are the physical entities. In this research, a novel Multidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (MLSTM) technique is being proposed to predict the stability of the smart grid network. The results obtained are evaluated against other popular Deep Learning approaches such as Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), traditional LSTM and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). The experimental results prove that the MLSTM approach outperforms the other ML approaches.

/pdf/a-multidirectional-lstm-model-for-predicting-the-stability-4doqe1zpxk.pdf

A Multidirectional LSTM Model for Predicting the Stability of a Smart Grid

The utilization of renewable energy sources (RESs) has become significant throughout the world, especially over the last two decades. Although high-level RESs penetration reduces negative environmental impact compared to conventional fossil fuel-based energy generation, control issues become more complex as the system inertia is significantly decreased due to the absence of conventional synchronous generators. Some other technical issues, high uncertainties, low fault ride through capability, high fault current, low generation reserve, and low power quality, arise due to RESs integration. Renewable energy like solar and wind are highly uncertain due to the intermittent nature of wind and sunlight. Cutting edge technologies including different control strategies, optimization techniques, energy storage devices, and fault current limiters are employed to handle those issues. This paper summarizes several challenges in the integration process of high-level RESs to the existing grid. The respective solutions to each challenge are presented and discussed. A comprehensive list of challenges and solutions, for both wind and solar energy integration cases, are well documented. Finally, the future recommendations are provided to solve the several problems of renewable energy integration which could be key research areas for the industry personnel and researchers.

High-Level Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources Into Grid Utility: Challenges and Solutions

Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.

/pdf/comprehensive-review-of-distributed-facts-control-algorithms-3abt9977a4.pdf

Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration

This paper discusses the power quality issues for distributed generation systems based on renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy. A thorough discussion about the power quality issues is conducted here. This paper starts with the power quality issues, followed by discussions of basic standards. A comprehensive study of power quality in power systems, including the systems with dc and renewable sources is done in this paper. Power quality monitoring techniques and possible solutions of the power quality issues for the power systems are elaborately studied. Then, we analyze the methods of mitigation of these problems using custom power devices, such as D-STATCOM, UPQC, UPS, TVSS, DVR, etc., for micro grid systems. For renewable energy systems, STATCOM can be a potential choice due to its several advantages, whereas spinning reserve can enhance the power quality in traditional systems. At Last, we study the power quality in dc systems. Simpler arrangement and higher reliability are two main advantages of the dc systems though it faces other power quality issues, such as instability and poor detection of faults.

https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/294611667/08314672.pdf

Analysis and Mitigation of Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation Systems Using Custom Power Devices

String insulators are generally used to insulate and carry the line conductor in the overhead power transmission lines. The number of insulator units depends on the operation voltage and other factors such as contamination, mechanical strength, lightning, and altitude. When AC voltage is applied to the string, the voltage distribution is non-uniform across a string insulator. To evaluate these voltages, string efficiency term is used. In conventional calculations of the voltage distribution over a string insulator and string efficiency, it is assumed that the insulator surface is clean, dry, and also there is no wind. In this study, the voltage distribution over an insulator string of suspension insulators and the string efficiency have been investigated with respect to the atmospheric conditions such as wind velocity, wind direction and contamination of insulator surface. All analysis and calculations have been carried out for an overhead power line between Karaman-Karasinir in Turkey having 66-...

The Analysis and Simulation of Voltage Distribution over String Insulators Using Matlab/Simulink

Demand for electricity is constantly increasing day by day. The biggest challenge is to provide uninterrupted and high-quality electricity to customers in variable conditions. To accomplish this, the two parameters must always be checked for each condition; these parameters are load distribution and network frequency. In this study, fuzzy logic and Proportional Integral Derivative controller method is applied in power system connected with two different fields to remove the fluctuations of electric energy. For this, MATLAB offers simulation applications and models in Simulink. Both different control directions are compared according to the results obtained. To emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy control system, two field-connected power systems were simulated in four scenarios in a wide range of operating conditions. In addition to all these, the performance of the proposed method is compared with a Proportional Integral Derivative tester with simulation studies and the results show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.

Selim Ay

Papers

Analysis and Mitigation of Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation Systems Using Custom Power Devices

The Analysis and Simulation of Voltage Distribution over String Insulators Using Matlab/Simulink

Load Frequency Control of Two Area Interconnected Power System Using Fuzzy Logic Control and PID Controller

FGD investments as part of energy policy: A case study for Turkey

Modelling of the change in national exchange rate model depending on the economic parameters of a natural gas cogeneration system: Turkey case