A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification

Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils.

The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. Although vegetative oils can be fuel for diesel engines, but their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of its various derivatives. Among the different possible sources, fatty acid methyl esters, known as Biodiesel fuel derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fates) by transesterification with methanol, present the promising alternative substitute to diesel fuels and have received the most attention now a day. The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. This paper reviews the source of production and characterization of vegetable oils and their methyl ester as the substitute of the petroleum fuel and future possibilities of Biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review

Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems.

A review on novel processes of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

In situ esterifications of high-acidity rice bran oil with methanol and ethanol and with sulfuric acid as catalyst were investigated In the esterification with methanol, all free fatty acids (FFA) dissolved in methanol were interesterified within 15 min, and it was possible to obtain nearly pure methyl esters The amount of methyl esters obtained from a given rice bran was dependent on the FFA content of the rice bran oil In the esterification with ethanol, it was not possible to obtain pure esters as in methanol esterification, because the solubilities of oil components in ethanol were much higher than those in methanol

In situ Esterification of Rice Bran Oil with Methanol and Ethanol

In this study, a systematic and detailed investigation on liquid-liquid extraction of sulfur olive oil miscella in hexane with aqueous ethanol solutions was performed. Optimal extraction conditions for recovery of free fatty acids (FFA) with a minor loss of neutral oil were determined in bench-scale single-stage extractions. It was concluded that, to ensure deacidification with a low triglycerides loss, it is appropriate to extract the miscella with 30% or more dilute ethanol solutions. It was also noted that under these circumstances the free fatty acid percentage extracted is not affected by increases in contents of FFA and partial glycerides of sulfur olive oil, and the solvent must be saturated with hexane before extraction. Changing the oil:hexane ratio in miscella from 1:2 to 2:1 by weight did not have any significant effect on extraction results.

Deacidification of sulfur olive oil. I. Single-stage liquid-liquid extraction of miscella with ethyl alcohol.

In this study, laboratory-scale multi-stage cross- and counter-current extractions of sulfur olive oil miscella with 70 and 80% ethanol saturated with hexane were investigated. For cross-current extraction, the extraction factor for free fatty acids was constant in each extraction stage. Therefore, the extraction factors determined in single-stage extractions were used to calculate the extracted free fatty acid percentages for cross-current and counter-current multi-stage extractions and results were in close agreement with the experimental data. It was possible to determine the amount of solvent and the number of stages required for counter-current extraction to remove the desired amount of free fatty acids from a given sulfur olive oil with 70 or 80% ethanol. Comparison of the results for these two solvents showed that 80% ethanol was more suitable.

Selma Türkay

Papers

In situ Esterification of Rice Bran Oil with Methanol and Ethanol

Deacidification of sulfur olive oil. I. Single-stage liquid-liquid extraction of miscella with ethyl alcohol.

Deacidification of sulfur olive oil. II. Multi-stage liquid-liquid extraction of miscella with ethyl alcohol