Background Rice is a staple food and an important source of proteins in many regions worldwide. Its protein component is generally regarded as hypoallergenic, and a number of studies have highlighted the nutritional and health benefits associated with consumption of rice proteins. In recent years, the processing of plant proteins has drawn scientific and industrial interest, and rice protein-enriched ingredients have become commercially available. Scope and Approach The aim of this study was to provide a critical review of the state of the art regarding the composition, extraction methods, functional properties and applications of rice proteins. Key Findings and Conclusions Rice is composed of four protein fractions, namely albumin (water-soluble), globulin (salt-soluble), glutelin (alkali-soluble), which represents the dominant protein in brown and milled rice, and prolamin (alcohol-soluble), a minor protein in all rice milling fractions. Different methods to extract proteins from rice, including alkaline, enzymatic and physical methods, have been, and continue to be, evaluated for their efficacy, and some have been applied industrially. However, only a limited amount of studies have described the functional properties of rice proteins and how these can be improved by means of enzymatic hydrolysis. Applications of intact rice proteins are limited due to their poor solubility in water. However, hydrolysed rice proteins are used in the formulation of hypoallergenic infant formulas and may potentially be used in a variety of food systems due to their improved functionality. Despite the advances in the characterisation of rice proteins, a greater understanding of their physicochemical properties and how to modify their functionality is required in order to expand their range of food applications.

The composition, extraction, functionality and applications of rice proteins: A review

Background Adequate human nutrition depends on the ingestion of many nutrients present in the diet. Proteins are indispensable macronutrients, including the essential amino acids. A protein source can vary its nutritional quality in terms of digestibility, amino acid profile, and its bioavailability. There are several disadvantages claimed to livestock and traditional animal protein sources. Thus, in a continuous increasing world population, a current challenge is the consumption of proteins with low-cost and easily supply, meeting environmental and social aspects. Scope and approach Plant proteins may be a critical step for reducing animal protein dependence by humans. This critical review contributes to facilitating the choice of a plant protein source based on the amino acid composition. Additionally, this overview can give insights into the development of new food products and add value to agro-industrial wastes and by-products. Furthermore, this paper shows the wide variety of sources of plant proteins, with balanced nutritional quality and high protein content as a potential protein supply for the human population and industrial applications. Key findings and conclusion A significant challenge is encountering the most suitable protein source since it depends on consumers' preferences, industrial availability, geographical location, and cultural elements. Nevertheless, it is possible to select a plant protein source comparing the essential amino acid composition of each source to the reference pattern.

Plant proteins as high-quality nutritional source for human diet

Chlorella nbsp and nbsp Spirulina are the two of the most well known microalgae genus Both microalgae genus have a significant content of proteins vitamins pigments fatty acids sterols among others which make their production application by the food industry quite interesting nbsp Chlorella genus is a eukaryotic microorganism whereas Spirulina genus cyanobacteria is a prokaryotic microorganism The aim of this review was to provide an overview on Chlorella and Spirulina microalgae particularly as an alternative source of functional foods nutraceuticals and food supplements in which the following compound groups were addressed I Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids II Phenolic Compounds III Volatile Compounds IV Sterols V Proteins Amino Acids Peptides VI Vitamins VII Polysaccharides VIII Pigments and IX Food Chlorella and Spirulina microalgae and their derivatives are concluded not to be widely commercially exploited However they are remarkable sources of functional foods nutraceuticals and food supplements

https://medcraveonline.com/MOJFPT/MOJFPT-06-00144.pdf

Chlorella and Spirulina Microalgae as Sources of Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Food Supplements; an Overview

To evaluate the impact of fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens U304 on nutritional quality and bioactivity of soybean meal (SBM), we analyzed the solid-state fermentation process for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Lactobacillus spp., and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. B. amyloliquefaciens showed significant improvement in nutritional quality and bioactivity by removing the protein- and carbohydrate-based anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), as well as allergens. The total phenolic content, reducing power, free radical scavenging ability, and Ca2+ chelating ability of SBM, as indicators of the antioxidant activity, increased to 195.8, 201.7% (at 10 mg/mL), 136.6% (at 10 mg/mL), and 122.3%, respectively, after Bacillus fermentation. S. cerevisiae decomposed carbohydrate-based but not protein-based ANFs, and fermentation with this organism produced similar values of the antioxidant markers of unfermented soybean meal, except for the reducing power (160.0% at 10 mg/mL). Lactobacillus spp. was only effective for decreasing the activity of trypsin inhibitors, but not other ANFs, resulting in lower bioactivity of fermented soybean meal. B. amyloliquefaciens U304 can substantially improve both the nutritional quality and bioactivity of SBM.

Improvement of bioactivity of soybean meal by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens versus Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Comprehensive utilization of shrimp waste based on biotechnological methods: A review

Nutritional quality of rice bran protein in comparison to animal and vegetable protein.

Fermented soy-based products are believed to have improved nutritional qualities compared to non-fermented products; however, little is known about the biochemical changes that occur during fermentation. To investigate the changes in the protein profile during fermentation, soybean meal and Bacillus subtilis-fermented soybean meal were prepared. Soybean meal and fermented soybean meal were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and compared by image analyzer. Twelve major spots were selected and identified by Nano LC–MS/MS. The proteins identified were beta-conglycinin subunits, glycinin subunits, trypsin inhibitors, and sucrose-binding proteins. Seventy percent of the beta-conglycinin subunits were removed after 24 h of solid-state fermentation with B. subtilis. Fifty percent of trypsin inhibitors were removed after 24 h. Glycinin subunit degradation was the lowest, with 58% remaining after 24 h of fermentation. This study suggests that fermentation can improve the nutritional quality of soybean meal.

Changes in allergenic and antinutritional protein profiles of soybean meal during solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis

The present invention relates to a method for producing a fermented soybean meal, comprising the steps of: (a) adding water to a soybean meal to perform heat-treatment; (b) cooling the heat-treated soybean meal, and then inoculating a Bacillus strain thereinto; and (c) acquiring a fermented soybean meal by solid fermentation of the Bacillus-inoculated soybean meal, and to a fermented soybean meal produced by the method. The method of the present invention uses a Bacillus strain having excellent properties required for the production of fermented soybean meal, in particular, Bacillus subtilis TP6 strain as a fermentation strain. Therefore, the fermented soybean meal produced by the present invention is a high-quality plant protein source in that various anti-nutritional factors including trypsin inhibitors, soybean oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are almost all removed, its protein content is high, and digestion and absorption rates are also improved by low-molecularization of the proteins. In particular, the TP6 strain capable of removing anti-nutritional factors is used to improve the product quality equivalent to or better than those produced by the known fermented soybean meals while reducing the fermentation time, thereby remarkably increasing the annual production.

Method for preparing a fermented soybean meal using bacillus strains

The objectives of this experiment was to evaluate the subsequent growth and organ weights, blood profiles and cecal microbiota of broiler chicks fed pre-starter diets containing fermented soybean meal products during early phase. A total of nine hundred 1-d-old chicks were randomly assigned into six groups with six replicates of 25 chicks each. The chicks were fed control pre-starter diet with dehulled soybean meal (SBM) or one of five experimental diets containing fermented SBM products (Bacillus fermented SBM [BF-SBM], yeast by product and Bacillus fermented SBM [YBF-SBM]; Lactobacillus fermented SBM 1 [LF-SBM 1]; Lactobacillus fermented SBM 2 [LF-SBM 2]) or soy protein concentrate (SPC) for 7 d after hatching, followed by 4 wk feeding of commercial diets without fermented SBMs or SPC. The fermented SBMs and SPC were substituted at the expense of dehulled SBM at 3% level on fresh weight basis. The body weight (BW) during the starter period was not affected by dietary treatments, but BW at 14 d onwards was significantly higher (p 0.05) by dietary treatments. During total rearing period, the daily weight gains in six groups were 52.0 (control), 57.7 (BF-SBM), 58.5 (YBF-SBM), 52.0 (LF-SBM 1), 56.7 (LF-SBM 2), and 53.3 g/d (SPC), respectively. The daily weight gain in chicks fed diet containing BF-SBM, YBF-SBM, and LF-SBM 2 were significantly higher values (p<0.001) than that of the control group. Chicks fed BF-SBM, YBF-SBM, and LF-SBM 2 had significantly lower (p<0.01) feed conversion ratio compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in the relative weight of various organs and blood profiles among groups. Cecal microbiota was altered by dietary treatments. At 35 d, chicks fed on the pre-starter diets containing BF-SBM and YBF-SBM had significantly increased (p<0.001) lactic acid bacteria, but lowered Coli-form bacteria in cecal contents compared with those fed the control diet. The number of Bacillus spp. was higher (p<0.001) in all groups except for LF-SBM 1 compared with control diet-fed chicks. At 7 d, jejunal villi were significantly lengthened (p<0.001) in chicks fed the fermented SBMs vs control diet. Collectively, the results indicate that feeding of fermented SBMs during early phase are beneficial to the subsequent growth performance in broiler chicks. BF-SBM and YBF-SBM showed superior overall growth performance as compared with unfermented SBM and SPC.

/pdf/the-use-of-fermented-soybean-meals-during-early-phase-3xdx7u7qwf.pdf

Seong-Jun Cho

Papers

Improvement of bioactivity of soybean meal by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens versus Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Nutritional quality of rice bran protein in comparison to animal and vegetable protein.

Changes in allergenic and antinutritional protein profiles of soybean meal during solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis

Method for preparing a fermented soybean meal using bacillus strains

The Use of Fermented Soybean Meals during Early Phase Affects Subsequent Growth and Physiological Response in Broiler Chicks.