抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

中枢神経系疾患の治療は正常細胞（ニューロン）の機能維持を目的とするが，脳血管障害のように機能障害の原因が細胞の死滅に基づくことは多い．一方，脳腫瘍の治療においては薬物療法や放射線療法といった腫瘍細胞の死滅を目標とするものが大きな位置を占める．いずれの場合にも，細胞死の機序を理解することは各種病態や治療法の理解のうえで重要である．現在のところ最も研究の進んでいる細胞死の型はアポトーシスである．そのなかで重要な位置を占めるミトコンドリアにおける反応および抗アポトーシス因子について概要を紹介する．

Neuroscience 細胞死：最近の知見

Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle , Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle

We describe the draft genome of the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex, which is only 200 megabases and contains at least 30,907 genes. The high gene count is a consequence of an elevated rate of gene duplication resulting in tandem gene clusters. More than a third of Daphnia's genes have no detectable homologs in any other available proteome, and the most amplified gene families are specific to the Daphnia lineage. The coexpansion of gene families interacting within metabolic pathways suggests that the maintenance of duplicated genes is not random, and the analysis of gene expression under different environmental conditions reveals that numerous paralogs acquire divergent expression patterns soon after duplication. Daphnia-specific genes, including many additional loci within sequenced regions that are otherwise devoid of annotations, are the most responsive genes to ecological challenges.

/pdf/the-ecoresponsive-genome-of-daphnia-pulex-bywdhwk6v1.pdf

The ecoresponsive genome of Daphnia pulex

For 10,000 years pigs and humans have shared a close and complex relationship. From domestication to modern breeding practices, humans have shaped the genomes of domestic pigs. Here we present the assembly and analysis of the genome sequence of a female domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa) and a comparison with the genomes of wild and domestic pigs from Europe and Asia. Wild pigs emerged in South East Asia and subsequently spread across Eurasia. Our results reveal a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian wild boars ∼1 million years ago, and a selective sweep analysis indicates selection on genes involved in RNA processing and regulation. Genes associated with immune response and olfaction exhibit fast evolution. Pigs have the largest repertoire of functional olfactory receptor genes, reflecting the importance of smell in this scavenging animal. The pig genome sequence provides an important resource for further improvements of this important livestock species, and our identification of many putative disease-causing variants extends the potential of the pig as a biomedical model.

/pdf/analyses-of-pig-genomes-provide-insight-into-porcine-3emf6a6q4o.pdf

Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution

Abstract We aimed to investigate candidate proteins related to long-term caloric restriction and feed efficiency in bovine longissimus dorsi muscle (LM). A total of 31 Korean native steers were randomly distributed to ad libitum (n = 16) or caloric restriction group (n = 15) to conduct two feeding trials for 13 mon. In the first trial (10–18 mon of age), steers were fed with 100% ad libitum (NEg = 0.63 Mcal/kg) or caloric restriction (80% of the previous day’s feed intake of ad libitum group). In the second trial (18–23 mon of age), the energy value of 100% ad libitum diet was 1.13 Mcal/kg NEg and those in caloric restriction group diet was 0.72 Mcal/kg NEg. At the endpoint of this experiment, in each group, 6 animals were selected with high (n = 3) or low feed efficiency (n = 3) to collect muscle tissue samples (6 animals/group). From muscle tissues of 23 mo of age, we excavated 9 and 12 differentially expressed (two-fold or more) proteins in a nutritional group and feed efficiency group using two-dimensional electrophoresis, respectively. Of these proteins, heat shock protein beta-6 was up-regulated in both the caloric restriction and the low feed efficiency group. In bovine embryonic fibroblasts, the mRNA expression of heat shock protein beta-6 increased after adipogenic differentiation, however, decreased after myogenic differentiation. Our data provide that heat shock protein beta-6 may be an adipogenic protein involved in the mechanism of caloric restriction and feed efficiency in the LM of the steer.

/pdf/identification-of-candidate-proteins-regulated-by-long-term-25igwdgl.pdf

Identification of candidate proteins regulated by long-term caloric restriction and feed efficiency in longissimus dorsi muscle in Korean native steer

이번 연구는 양성자 핵자기공명분광기를 이용하여 고온스트레스에 따른 Holstein 수소의 반추위액과 혈액 내 대사체 프로파일링을 실시하였다. 실험동물은 Holstein 수소 6마리를 이용하였다. 반추위액과 혈액은 적온기(OTP, THI : 64.92)와 고온기(HTP, THI : 79.13)환경에서 아침 사료 급여 전 각각 채취하였다. 샘플들의 대사체는 proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy를 이용하여 분석하였다. 대사체들의 정성 및 정량화는 Chenomx NMR Suite 8.4 software를 이용하여 실시하였다. 통계분석은 Metaboanalyst 5.0 program을 이용하여 t -test, principal component analysis, partial least square-discriminant analysis 및 variable importance in projection scores 결과를 도출하였다. 반추위액에서는 riboflavin이 OTP group에서, betaine과 succinate는 HTP group에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높았다. Glucose-1-phosphate와 acetate는 OTP group에서 유의적으로 높은 경향(0.05≤p<0.1)을 보였다. 혈액에서는 methanol과 sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine은 OTP group에서, 5-methoxysalicylate와 N -nitrosodimethylamine은 HTP group에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높았다. Pyruvate, acetoacetate, lactate 및 3-hydroxybutyrate는 HTP group에서 유의적으로 높은 경향(0.05≤p<0.1)을 보였다. 이번 연구의 대사체 결과들은 추후 Holstein 수소의 고온스트레스 진단을 위한 bio-marker 탐색 연구자료로 활용 할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 

Metabolic Profiling of Rumen fluid and Serum in Holstein Steers Exposure by Heat-Stressed Using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The net energy requirement for lactation (NEL) equals the milk energy, which is the sum of the energy content from the energy-yielding nutrients in milk. The specific nutrients and their calories, however, vary depending on the feeding system. The objective of this study was to evaluate NEL prediction equations used in cattle feeding systems. A total of 11 equations from 6 feeding systems were assessed. For evaluation, a database was constructed based on the literature, and data for three nutrients (lactose, fat, and protein) were used to evaluate the equations. The equations were classified into three tiers based on the variables: Tier 1 (all three nutrients), Tier 2 (fat and protein), and Tier 3 (fat). NEL predicted by the equations were comparatively evaluated based on a reference value computed using Tyrrell and Reid’s equation. All equations showed high predictivity (in order, Tier 1, 2, and 3). Tier 1 equations showed a nearly perfect fit; however, for accurately predicting NEL, at least Tier 2 equations are recommended. The predictivity of theoretically derived equations was as high, or higher, as the predictivity of empirical equations. Thus, empirical development of an accurate equation to predict NEL, which requires a large amount of data, can be avoided.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/654/pdf?version=1651746080

Evaluation of the Equations to Predict Net Energy Requirement for Lactation in the Cattle Feeding System: Based on the Literature Database

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product from processing corn to produce bio-ethanol, and it contains almost three times higher protein, fat, and fiber than corn. Intake of higher amount of nutrients originated from corn in lactating sows may contribute to changes in milk composition and thus alter the growth of suckling piglets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate effect of supplementingDDGS in the diet of lactating sows on variation in the body weight of piglets. A total of 50 sows with parities of 3 to 5 were usedand allottedinto one of four treatments which included 0 (CON), 10% (DDGS10), 20% (DDGS20), or 30% (DDGS30) DDGS in the diet. Diets were fed to sows during the whole lactation period.Individual body weights of piglets were measured within 24 h after farrowing and at weaning. No significant differences were observed inthe coefficient of variation (CV) for body weight of piglets within a litter after farrowing and at weaning among the treatments (p>0.05). There was, however, a tendency of decreases in the CV for body weight of piglets within a litter at weaning compared with that after farrowingin the DDGS10 and DDGS20 treatments. At weaning, the percentage of the number of piglets weighing less than 4.5 kg in DDGS20 (4.86%, 7 out of 144; p<0.05) or DDGS30 (5.04%, 6 out of 119; p=0.059) was lower than that in CON (12.41%; 17 out of 137) although this pattern was not observed in DDGS10. In conclusion, addition of DDGS in lactating sow diets improved piglet performance by reducing the number piglets weighing less than 4.5 ㎏.

/pdf/effects-of-supplementing-distillers-dried-grains-with-3r40b8t2cl.pdf

Effects of supplementing distillers dried grains with solublesin the diet of lactating sows onvariation in the body weight of piglets

본 연구는 국내 낙농가의 정밀 축산 기술이 적용된 장비의 사용 현황을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 국내 전체 낙농가의 74.4%에 해당하는 4,800 농가를 대상으로 2018년 9월부터 10월까지 약 2개월간 우편을 통한 설문 조사를 수행하였다. 배부한 4,800건의 설문지 중 3,087건이 회수되었으며, 이 중 내용을 식별할 수 없는 91건을 제외한 2,996개 농가(국내 낙농가의 46.4%)의 응답이 현황 분석에 사용되었다. 분석 결과, 80% 이상의 농가에서 텐덤 및 헤링본식 착유장 시설을 사용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 응답 농가의 24% 및 5%가 각각 유량계와 유질 분석기를 사용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 자동 착유 시스템(로봇 착유기)을 사용하는 농가는 1.8%에 불과한 것으로 나타났다. 전체 응답 농가 중 약 20%의 농가가 군사형 농후사료 자동 급이기(625개 농가)와 착용형 무선 생체 센서(591개 농가)를 사용하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 환경정보 수집 장비는 전체 2,996개의 응답 농가 중 10.7%만이 보유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 설문 조사에 참여한 농가의 약 5분의 1이 개체별 데이터를 수집하기 위한 정밀 낙농 기술이 적용된 장비를 최소 한 대 이상 보유하고 있음이 확인되었다. 

Seongwon Seo

Papers

Identification of candidate proteins regulated by long-term caloric restriction and feed efficiency in longissimus dorsi muscle in Korean native steer

Metabolic Profiling of Rumen fluid and Serum in Holstein Steers Exposure by Heat-Stressed Using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Evaluation of the Equations to Predict Net Energy Requirement for Lactation in the Cattle Feeding System: Based on the Literature Database

Effects of supplementing distillers dried grains with solublesin the diet of lactating sows onvariation in the body weight of piglets

Usage Status Survey of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies on Korean Dairy Farm