다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Relaxor ferroelectrics were discovered almost 50 years ago among the complex oxides with perovskite structure. In recent years this field of research has experienced a revival of interest. In this paper we review the progress achieved. We consider the crystal structure including quenched compositional disorder and polar nanoregions (PNR), the phase transitions including compositional order-disorder transition, transition to nonergodic (probably spherical cluster glass) state and to ferroelectric phase. We discuss the lattice dynamics and the peculiar (especially dielectric) relaxation in relaxors. Modern theoretical models for the mechanisms of PNR formation and freezing into nonergodic glassy state are also presented.

Recent progress in relaxor ferroelectrics with perovskite structure

After twenty years of partly quiet and ten years of partly enthusiastic research into lead-free piezoceramics there are now clear prospects for transfer into applications in some areas. This mimics prior research into eliminating lead from other technologies that resulted in restricted lead use in batteries and dwindling use in other applications. A figure of merit analysis for key devices is presented and used to contrast lead-containing and lead-free piezoceramics. A number of existing applications emerge, where the usage of lead-free piezoceramics may be envisaged in the near future. A sufficient transition period to ensure reliability, however, is required. The use of lead-free piezoceramics for demanding applications with high reliability, displacements and frequency as well as a wide temperature range appears to remain in the distant future. New devices are outlined, where the figure of merit suggests skipping lead-containing piezoceramics altogether. Suggestions for the next pertinent research requirements are provided.

Transferring lead-free piezoelectric ceramics into application

Due to the nature of domains, ferroics, including ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and ferroelastic materials, exhibit hysteresis phenomena with respect to external driving fields (magnetic field, electric field, or stress). In principle, every ferroic material has its own hysteresis loop, like a fingerprint, which contains information related to its properties and structures. For ferroelectrics, many characteristic parameters, such as coercive field, spontaneous, and remnant polarizations can be directly extracted from the hysteresis loops. Furthermore, many impact factors, including the effect of materials (grain size and grain boundary, phase and phase boundary, doping, anisotropy, thickness), aging (with and without poling), and measurement conditions (applied field amplitude, fatigue, frequency, temperature, stress), can affect the hysteretic behaviors of the ferroelectrics. In this feature article, we will first give the background of the ferroic materials and multiferroics, with an emphasis on ferroelectrics. Then it is followed by an introduction of the characterizing techniques for the loops, including the polarization–electric field loops and strain–electric field curves. A caution is made to avoid misinterpretation of the loops due to the existence of conductivity. Based on their morphologic features, the hysteresis loops are categorized to four groups and the corresponding material usages are introduced. The impact factors on the hysteresis loops are discussed based on recent developments in ferroelectric and related materials. It is suggested that decoding the fingerprint of loops in ferroelectrics is feasible and the comprehension of the material properties and structures through the hysteresis loops is established.

Decoding the Fingerprint of Ferroelectric Loops: Comprehension of the Material Properties and Structures

Rietveld neutron powder profile analysis of the compound Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) is reported over the temperature range 5–873 K. The sequence of phase transitions from the high-temperature prototypic cubic structure (above 813 K), to one of tetragonal (673–773 K) and then rhombohedral structures (5–528 K) has been established. Coexisting tetragonal/cubic (773–813 K) and rhombohedral/tetragonal (with an upper temperature limit of 145 K between 528 and 673 K) phases have also been observed. Refinements have revealed that the rhombohedral phase, space group R3c, with aH = 5.4887 (2), cH = 13.5048 (8) A, V = 352.33 (3) A3, Z = 6 and Dx = 5.99 Mg m−3, exhibits an antiphase, a−a−a− oxygen tilt system, ω = 8.24 (4)°, with parallel cation displacements at room temperature. The tetragonal phase, space group P4bm, with aT = 5.5179 (2), cT = 3.9073 (2) A, V = 118.96 (1) A3, Z = 2 and Dx = 5.91 Mg m−3, possesses an unusual combination of in-phase, a0a0c+ oxygen octahedra tilts, ω = 3.06 (2)°, and antiparallel cation displacements along the polar axis. General trends of cation displacements and the various deviations of the octahedral network from the prototypic cubic perovskite structure have been established and their systematic behaviour with temperature is reported. An investigation of phase transition behaviour using second harmonic generation (SHG) to establish the centrosymmetric or non-centrosymmetric nature of the various phases is also reported.

Investigation of the structure and phase transitions in the novel A-site substituted distorted perovskite compound Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3

Results of study of the spatial distribution of polarization by scattering (X‐ray and neutron) and Piezoresponse Force Microscopy techniques are presented for several relaxors both cubic (PMN and PMNPT solid solutions) and uniaxial (SBN). It is demonstrated that in all cases except pure PMN cooled in zero electric field polar nanodomains are formed. In case of PMN cooled in the applied field nanodomain state is preserved even after subsequent zero field heating to above freezing temperature. AFM measurements of PMNPT10 are used to determine the quantitative characteristics of these nanodomains.

Structure of Nanodomains in Relaxors

23 Na NMR spectra have been measured in a very low magnetic field at temperatures between 203 K and 780 K. The orientation dependences of the second-order quadrupole shifts of the central component were studied. The achieved spectral resolution is sufficient to test various models of short –range order in the Na 1/2 Bi 1/2 TiO 3 (NBT) structure using computer simulations of the spectral line shape. The polar monoclinic areas were found to coexist with the tetragonal phase insertions till the lowest investigated temperature 203 K. In the temperature range 203 K – 640 K the NMR spectra also display the presence of areas with very small deviation from the cubic structure (matrix).

Local and Average Structure of Relaxor Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 from the Point of View of NMR

For the first time the temperature evolution of the structure of ferroelectric nanowires of NaNO 2 was studied by neutron diffraction from room temperature up to melting, i.e. in ferro- and paraelectric phases. Samples were produced in natural chrysotile asbestos with average channel diameter 6±1.5 nm. It is demonstrated that in the ferroelectric phase the structure is consistent with the bulk but is strongly textured. The temperature dependence of order parameter in the ferroelectric phase is determined for the confined sodium nitrite. It is shown that this dependence follows a power law with T c =413.0±2.5 K and β =0.34±0.05, and differs from the same for the bulk material.

Neutron diffraction study of NaNO2 ferroelectric nanowires

Neutron diffuse scattering measurements on single crystal PbMg${}_{1/3}$Nb${}_{2/3}$O${}_{3}$ above the Burns temperature are reported. The high temperature elastic diffuse component is highly asymmetric near reciprocal lattice points not corresponding to high-symmetry directions. This asymmetry can be described using Huang scattering formalism assuming that the scattering originates from mesoscopic lattice deformations due to elastic defects. Qualitative agreement between this model and the experimental data is achieved with simple, isotropic defects. It is demonstrated that the weak satellite maxima near Bragg reflections can be interpreted in terms of a finite resolution effect.

Sergey Vakhrushev

Papers

Structure of Nanodomains in Relaxors

Local and Average Structure of Relaxor Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 from the Point of View of NMR

Neutron diffraction study of NaNO2 ferroelectric nanowires

Diffuse scattering anisotropy and inhomogeneous lattice deformations in the lead magnoniobate relaxor PMN above the Burns temperature

Lattice dynamics in PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3