### A. Overview

Extracellular purines (adenosine, ADP, and ATP) and pyrimidines (UDP and UTP) are important signaling molecules that mediate diverse biological effects via cell-surface receptors termed purine receptors. In this review particular emphasis is placed on the discrepancy between the

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Receptors for Purines and Pyrimidines

BACKGROUND Semen quality is taken as a surrogate measure of male fecundity in clinical andrology, male fertility, reproductive toxicology, epidemiology and pregnancy risk assessments. Reference intervals for values of semen parameters from a fertile population could provide data from which prognosis of fertility or diagnosis of infertility can be extrapolated. METHODS Semen samples from over 4500 men in 14 countries on four continents were obtained from retrospective and prospective analyses on fertile men, men of unknown fertility status and men selected as normozoospermic. Men whose partners had a time-to-pregnancy (TTP) of < or =12 months were chosen as individuals to provide reference distributions for semen parameters. Distributions were also generated for a population assumed to represent the general population. RESULTS The following one-sided lower reference limits, the fifth centiles (with 95th percent confidence intervals), were generated from men whose partners had TTP < or = 12 months: semen volume, 1.5 ml (1.4-1.7); total sperm number, 39 million per ejaculate (33-46); sperm concentration, 15 million per ml (12-16); vitality, 58% live (55-63); progressive motility, 32% (31-34); total (progressive + non-progressive) motility, 40% (38-42); morphologically normal forms, 4.0% (3.0-4.0). Semen quality of the reference population was superior to that of the men from the general population and normozoospermic men. CONCLUSIONS The data represent sound reference distributions of semen characteristics of fertile men in a number of countries. They provide an appropriate tool in conjunction with clinical data to evaluate a patient's semen quality and prospects for fertility.

/pdf/world-health-organization-reference-values-for-human-semen-3qu21s6tqf.pdf

World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics

WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen

In this innovative book, a well-known feminist and sociologist-who is also the founding editor of Gender & Society-challenges our most basic assumptions about gender. Judith Lorber argues that gender is wholly a product of socialization, subject to human agency, organization, and interpretation, and that it is a social institution comparable to the economy, the family, and religion in its significance and consequences. Calling into question the inevitability and necessity of gender, she envisions a society structured for equality, where no gender, racial ethnic, or social class group is allowed to monopolize positions of power.

Paradoxes of gender

http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/A/Animal%20Reproduction%20Science/Vol60-61.Issue1-4.Jul2000/1971.pdf

The causes of reduced fertility with cryopreserved semen

The Use of Gametes Obtained from Anonymous Donors for the Production of Human Embryonic Stem Cell (ESC) Lines

Recombinant and urinary FSH preparations: A comparative analysis of multifollicular development and IVF/ICSI outcome in different categories of ovarian responders

Study question Can predictors of low ( 18 oocytes retrieved) be identified in patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation with corifollitropin alfa in a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol? Summary answer Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), antral follicle count (AFC), and age on stimulation day 1 were prognostic for both high and low ovarian response in a corifollitropin alfa/GnRH antagonist protocol, in addition to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for high ovarian response and menstrual cycle length for low ovarian response. What is known already The majority of studies on predictors of ovarian response have analyzed patients treated with recombinant(r) FSH in long GnRH agonist protocols. Systematic reviews have identified AMH, AFC, and basal FSH as predictors of low ovarian response and AMH and AFC as predictors of high ovarian response in these protocols. There is, to date, no information on predictors in a corifollitropin alfa/GnRH antagonist protocol. Study design, size, duration In this retrospective analysis, statistical model building for high and low ovarian response was based on the corifollitropin alfa treatment group of the Pursue trial (n = 694). Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed in a stepwise fashion (P Participants/materials, setting, methods Infertile women aged 35-42 years received a single injection of 150 µg corifollitropin alfa, followed by ≤300 IU/d rFSH starting on stimulation day 8 if needed. 0.25 mg/d ganirelix started on day 5 until final oocyte maturation with 250 µg recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (rhCG). Main results and the role of chance 14.1% of subjects were high, and 23.2% were low ovarian responders. The regression model for high ovarian response included 4 independent predictors, with high AMH levels and AFCs increasing the risk while high FSH levels and increasing age decreased risk. The apparent area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for this model was 0.888. Sensitivity and specificity were 84% and 80%, respectively. The regression model for low ovarian response also included 4 independent predictors. Older age increased, while higher AMH, higher AFC, and longer menstrual cycle length decreased the risk of low ovarian response. The apparent AUC of the ROC curve for the complete model was 0.886. Sensitivity and specificity were 77% and 87%, respectively. Limitations, reason for caution This study was restricted to women aged 35-42 years, with a body weight of ≥50 kg and body mass index ≥18 and ≤32 kg/m2; therefore, its generalizability may be limited. Wider implications of the findings In assisted reproductive technology, both very low and very high ovarian responses are associated with increased cancellation rates and lower pregnancy rates. A high ovarian response also increases the risk for development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The multivariable models in the current analyses predicted the occurrence of high and low ovarian response sufficiently well to be used in clinical practice to individualize treatment. Study funding/competing interest(s) Financial support for this study was provided by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA. Trial registration number NCT01144416

Sergio Oehninger

Papers

The Use of Gametes Obtained from Anonymous Donors for the Production of Human Embryonic Stem Cell (ESC) Lines

Recombinant and urinary FSH preparations: A comparative analysis of multifollicular development and IVF/ICSI outcome in different categories of ovarian responders

P-543 Predictive factors for ovarian response in a corifollitropin alfa/GnRH antagonist protocol for controlled ovarian stimulation

O-056. The efficacy of intravaginal prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) on pregnancy rates after intrauterine inseminations: a randomized controlled trial

P-029 Effect of pentoxifylline on sperm reactive oxygen species generation and its impact on hyperactivated motility