Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo's (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processing is influenced by the stimulus-driven attentional system. In addition to decreasing attentional control, anxiety increases attention to threat-related stimuli. Adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions involving attentional control: inhibition and shifting. However, anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness (quality of performance) when it leads to the use of compensatory strategies (e.g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources). Directions for future research are discussed.

Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory.

Thank you very much for downloading biomechanics and motor control of human movement. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their favorite books like this biomechanics and motor control of human movement, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious virus inside their laptop.

Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

Thank you for downloading the senses considered as perceptual systems. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their favorite novels like this the senses considered as perceptual systems, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious bugs inside their desktop computer. the senses considered as perceptual systems is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our books collection hosts in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the the senses considered as perceptual systems is universally compatible with any devices to read.

The Senses Considered As Perceptual Systems

Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: some considerations when applying the expert performance approach.

Forming an implementation intention or "if-then plan" promotes the attainment of different types of goals (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006). So far, research on implementation intentions has focused on the initiation of goal striving, whereas the issue of shielding of ongoing goal striving has been largely neglected. In two field experiments concerned with dieting (Study 1) and athletic goals (Study 2), goal shielding was supported by implementation intentions geared at controlling potentially interfering inner states (i.e., cravings for junk food in Study 1, and disruptive thoughts, feelings, and physiological states in Study 2). In both experiments, forming if-then plans enhanced the rate of goal attainment. Thus, implementation intention formation can be used to promote the realization of desired outcomes not only by facilitating getting started with goal striving but also by preventing goal striving from straying off course.

/pdf/implementation-intentions-and-shielding-goal-striving-from-2chmz0hlxj.pdf

Implementation Intentions and Shielding Goal Striving From Unwanted Thoughts and Feelings

Processing efficiency theory predicts that anxiety reduces the processing capacity of working memory and has detrimental effects on performance. When tasks place little demand on working memory, the negative effects of anxiety can be avoided by increasing effort. Although performance efficiency decreases, there is no change in performance effectiveness. When tasks impose a heavy demand on working memory, however, anxiety leads to decrements in efficiency and effectiveness. These presumptions were tested using a modified table tennis task that placed low (LWM) and high (HWM) demands on working memory. Cognitive anxiety was manipulated through a competitive ranking structure and prize money. Participants’ accuracy in hitting concentric circle targets in predetermined sequences was taken as a measure of performance effectiveness, while probe reaction time (PRT), perceived mental effort (RSME), visual search data, and arm kinematics were recorded as measures of efficiency. Anxiety had a negative effect on per...

The Effects of Anxiety on Visual Search, Movement Kinematics, and Performance in Table Tennis: A Test of Eysenck and Calvo's Processing Efficiency Theory

The aim of this study was to determine the role of head, eye and arm movements during the execution of a table tennis forehand stroke. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of line-of-gaze, arm and ball was used to describe visual and motor behaviour. Skilled and less skilled participants returned the ball to cued right or left target areas under three levels of temporal constraint: pre-, early- and late-cue conditions. In the pre- and early-cue conditions, both high and low skill participants tracked the ball early in flight and kept gaze stable on a location in advance of the ball before ball-bat contact. Skilled participants demonstrated an earlier onset of ball tracking and recorded higher performance accuracy than less skilled counterparts. The manipulation of cue condition showed the limits of adaptation to maintain accuracy on the target. Participants were able to accommodate the constraints imposed by the early-cue condition by using a shorter quiet eye duration, earlier quiet eye offset and reduced arm velocity at contact. In the late-cue condition, modifications to gaze, head and arm movements were not sufficient to preserve accuracy. The findings highlight the functional coupling between perception and action during time-constrained, goal-directed actions.

Head, eye and arm coordination in table tennis

Gaze behaviour and arm movements of skilled dart players (N = 5) were recorded as they threw an equal number of hit and misses to the centre of a regulation dart board. Quiet eye (QE) was defined as final fixation on the target, with onset prior to the extension of the arm and offset when QE deviated off the target. Accuracy was affected by the temporal offset of QE relative to the phases of the arm movement. During hits, QE onset occurred during late alignment and offset during early flexion resulting in the gaze being off the target for 550 ms. During misses, QE offset occurred during mid-alignment, resulting in the gaze being off the target for 1167 ms. The results highlight the importance of the temporal control of QE relative to the movements of arm. Quiet eye information gained too soon or too late did not lead to the same level of accuracy as that obtained optimally, just prior to the final movement being initiated.

Quiet eye and accuracy in the dart throw

Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements attenuate postural sway similarly

Several structures of the central nervous system share involvement in both ocular and postural control, but the visual mechanisms in postural control are still unclear. There are discrepant evidences on whether saccades would improve or deteriorate stabilization of posture. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of saccadic eye movements on postural control while standing in different basis of support. Twelve young adults stood upright in wide and narrow stances while performing fixation and saccades of low and high frequencies. Body sway was attenuated during saccades. Trunk anterior-posterior sway and trunk total displacement decreased during saccades compared to fixation; higher sway mean frequency in anterior-posterior direction during saccades was observed. Body sway was reduced in wide compared to narrow stance during high frequency saccades. These results indicate that eye movement improves postural stabilization and this effect is stronger in combination of wide stance-high frequency gaze condition.

/pdf/effects-of-saccadic-eye-movements-on-postural-control-ngrnk2k8yy.pdf

Sérgio Tosi Rodrigues

Papers

The Effects of Anxiety on Visual Search, Movement Kinematics, and Performance in Table Tennis: A Test of Eysenck and Calvo's Processing Efficiency Theory

Head, eye and arm coordination in table tennis

Quiet eye and accuracy in the dart throw

Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements attenuate postural sway similarly

Effects of saccadic eye movements on postural control stabilization